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ILLUSTRATION No.

BET I . 1 ;mvl

I—

ILL. No. 2. Al'TOPKINT (SKI.F PRINT) OF KCNZITK CRYSTAL.

Made by exposing crystal to the Roentgen ray for five minutes, atul then laying it upon the photographic plate.

Bulletin No. 37.

San Francisco, June, 1905.

Gems, Jewelers’ Materials,

and Ornamental Stones of
California

GEORGE FREDERICK KUNZ, Ph>D.

Issued by the

California State Mining Bureau

Ferry Building, San Francisco.

Lewis L. Aubury, State Mineralogist.

SECOND EDITION.

Sacramento:

W. W. Shannon

Superintendent State Printing.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

To 11 ox. Gegkge C, Pardee, Oorernor of California, find the Honorable
the Board of Trustees of the State Mining Bureau:

Gentlemen: I have the honor to transmit Bulletin No* 87, £; Gems,
Jewelers’ Materials, and Ornamental Atones of California/ 1 which has
been compiled by George F. Kunz, A.M., Ph.D.

The industry of which this Bulletin treats is comparatively a new one
in this State, but it is of growing importance, as the increasing annual
value of the output of the subjects enumerated will testify to.

Much care has been exercised in the lield investigations, and a very
complete examination has been made of all of the various deposits
which have been found.

The greatest courtesy lias been shown to Field Assistants by the
owners of the deposits, and much needed assistance has been extended
in many ways. I shall not mention specifically the parties to whom
the thanks of this department are owing, but due recognition is given
by Dr. Kunz at the conclusion of the introductory chapter, under the
heading u Recognition.”

To all who have aided in the preparation of this report, and who have
loaned and donated specimens to our Museum from their mines, I again
wish to extend the thanks of this department.

To Dr. George Kunz, the Bureau is highly indebted for the great care
he has exercised in the preparation of the work, and without his assist¬
ance, and the use of the valuable data he has collected concerning the
Gem Industry in California, this publication would be far from
complete, and in extending our thanks to him, I do so with a full
knowledge of the valuable assistance he has rendered.

V e ry re spe ctfu 1 ly,

LEWIS E. AUBURY,

State Mineralogist.

San Francisco, June 30, 1905.

CONTENTS

Page.

INTRODUCTION.9

DIAMOND. 36

CORUNDUM.45

TOPAZ. 46

SPINEL.47

BERYL. 48

GARNET.50

TOURMALINE. 54

QUARTZ. 64

CHALCEDONY.71

CHRYSOPRASE.74

JASPER. 75

OPAL.75

A LB IT E. 78

ORTHOCLASE.76

GRAPHIC GRANITE. 76

LABRADOR ITE.80

DI OPS IDE ... SO

ENSTATITE.80

KUNZITE—SPODUMliNE. 81

VESUVIANITE (CALIFORNITE).63

PECTOLITE. 65

AX IN ITE.66

JADE .... -. 1KJ

DATOLITE.67

APOPHYLLITE. 67

LAPIS LAZULI.68

ANDALUSITE. 5)8

E PI DOTE.99

AGALMATOLITE.100

LEPIDOLITE.100

CHRYSOCOLLA.101

APATITE.102

FLUORITE.102

CONTENTS.

Page.

ANHYDRITE.102

GYPSUM.108

COAIj.KM

HEMATITE.104

GOTHITE.105

CASSITERITE.105

BROOKITE.106

AZURITE AND MALACHITE.106

TURQUOISE.107

AMBER. 110

CARBONATE OF LIME.110

ORBICULAR DIORITE.112

CAT’S-EYE.114

OBSIDIAN.114

PEARL.115

ABALONE.118

GEM MINES IN CALIFORNIA.121

APPENDIX—CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU.159

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Page _

No* 1. Relief map of California.-.- Folder

2, Autoprint (self-print) of Kunzite Crystal Made by exposing crystal to the
Roentgen ray for five minutes* and then laying it upon the photo¬
graphic plate----*-----—- Frontispiece

i. Weathered mass of tl Line-Rock, ” showing garnet interlineation^ in the

compact feldspar-.,..^..-—-—-—- -------- ----—-- 15

4. Orbicular Diorite, Dehesa, Ban Diego County* Weathered surface* showing

the structure-—— —-_* -- 15

5* Pa la. Mountain. View looking west* Pegmatite ledges as white lines- It!

*K Bridal Chamber, Lepidolite Mine, showing tourmaline crystals embedded

in tiie rock- ---- --- - 22

7. Diamond, natural crystal, found at Volcano. Amador County.. -- 41

s. Hough diamond, found in lL Spring Valley Hydraulic Mine,” Cherokee Plat,

Butte Comity-.—.-- 41

■|. Topaz crystal (natural size)* Ramona, Ban Diego County_- — 46

10. Topaz crystals (natural size) on crystallized A1 bite, Ramona, San Diego

County.......— — — — —. 47

11. Town of Pal a, San Diego County, view looking east, showing Indian houses 56

12. Belfry of “Old Spanish Church” at Pula... .— - 57

!'/>. Pala Mountain* View of the LIthia Mine, showing workings and dump.

Lepidolite with Rubellite- —----— — .. 58

14. Red Tourmaline crystals on Quartz crystals, Mesa Grande- (in

15* Pala Chief M ine, Pala. Southwestern end of workings, looking east-. 61

16. Pala Mountain, San Diego County, Lepidolite Mine—near view of the dump 68

17. Quartz crystals from Placerville, El Dorado County...*- 65

18. Outcrop of Rose Quartz. Free Zone, near the Mexican line, San Diego County 67

IS). Pebbles from Peseadero Beach, Sun Mateo County- 72

2n. Pebble Beach, Redondo, Los Angeles County--- 73

21* .Moonstone Beach, Catalina Island, Los Angeles County_ 78

22, Kunzite crystal* Sickler Mines, Pala..-------85

23. Autoprint from crystal of Kunzite exposed to the X ray for ten minutes,

and exposed to the plate for live minutes.-*..— * 89

24* Entrance to Lepidolite Mine at Pula- 101

25. Orbicular Diorite Mine, IMiosa, San Diego County—near view of outcrop._ 113

26. Pebble Beach at Peseadero, San Mateo County- 113

27* Coahuilu Mountain (general view), Riverside County; Beryl, Kunzite, and

Gem Tourmaline—..... ---.—— 122

2s. Fann (Simmons) Mine, Riverside County, View of ridge, looking north— 123

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page-

No. 29. Stewart LitLia Mine (west end of tunnel), Pala Mountain, San Diego County 125

30. Pala Chief Mine, Pala, San Diego County.. . . 120

31. Pala Chief Mine. Pocket line at the point where the largest pocket of

Kunzite crystals occurred..—... 127

32. Nay lor-Vander burg Mine, Heriart Mountain, San Diego County, view look¬

ing southwest....... 130

33. Naylor-Vanderburg Mine, showing workings_____ 131

34. Naylor-Vanderburg Mine, “Naylor rock,” showing pegmatite above, zone

of pockets and banded “line-rock” below.. 131

35. Mount Heriart (taken from south, one mile).-. 132

3(3. Himalaya Tourmaline Mine, Mesa Grande, San Diego County.... . 134

37. Esmeralda Mine, Mesa Grande. Tunnel, looking east. .-. 13(3

38. Mack Beryl Mine, Rincon, San Diego County. View from the south 138

39. Mack Beryl Mine, portion of the ledge about eight feet thick.139

40. Ramona District. San Diego County, general view of ledges, looking north 140

41. A B C Mine, Ramona, San Diego County. 141

42. Little Three Mine, Ramona. Sorting Topaz, Beryl, and Essonite Garnet- 143

43. Little Three Mine, lower workings at east end.. 143

44. Little Three Mine, wall rock, showing lines of small black Tourmaline- 145

45. Hercules Mine, Ramona. Essonite Garnet and Beryl .--- 148

46. Prospect Mine, Ramona, general view. Essonite Garnet- — 151

47. Prospect Mine. Ramona, showing ledge and opening.-. -- 151

48. Office of State Mining Bureau, Ferry Building, San Francisco... 158

49. Mineral Museum, State Mining Bureau. .. 161

50. Library and Reading-Room, State Mining Bureau . .. 163

51. Laboratory, State Mining Bureau..... - h>5

GEMS, JEWELERS’ MATERIALS, AND ORNAMENTAL
STONES Of CALIFORNIA.

By GEORGE F. KUNZ, AJ„ Ph.D.

INTRODUCTION*

In preparing this report upon the gem-minerals of California, a few
general considerations may be noted at the outset. Prior to the Mexi¬
can war, California was a land but little known—a romantic, dreamy
region of far-away southern life, where the Catholic fathers had founded
their missions, and brought the language and the architecture of Spain
to the shores of the Pacific. With the transfer of the territory to the
United States, and the discovery of gold in 1848, a swift and mighty
change set in, and a wonderful era of progress began, which has con¬
tinued to the present time.

In this great development of California, there may easily be recog¬
nized three distinct steps or stages, the later ones coining in not to
replace the earlier, but as successive additions to the productive power
of the State. For a number of years California was chiefly known and
sought as the land of gold, the El Dorado, Later came the develop¬
ment of the soil for agriculture—he rich harvests of the great valley,
and the luxuriant horticulture of the southern section, where the fruits
of southern Europe are now gathered on so vast a scale. Lastly, within
a few years, has come into view the wonderful richness of the State in
gems and precious stones, as a third aspect of productiveness. With
this, the present report has to deal.

Many notices of separate observations and discoveries of this kind
have from time to time appeared, and lists of minerals found in the
State have been published at various periods in different reports of the
earlier surveys and by the State Mining Bureau. These will be enumer¬
ated further on ;* But thus far there has been no general record of the

*The titles of many of these reports will he given in the footnotes. See also Bibli¬
ography relating to* Geology, Falieonloiogy and Mineral Resources of CiUiilirnia.
including maps, by Capt. A. \V. Vogdes, ptfpltshed by the Stale Mining Bureau. San
Francisco, HJOh

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA.

distribution of California gem-minerals as such; and the facts have,
moreover, been accumulating so rapidly within a very short time past,
that they have assumed an importance much greater than before. In
1890 and 1892 the full list of the discoveries known was collected and
published with other gem material.*

The discoveries made within the past ten years have been reported
almost entirely by the writer, in his capacity as Special Agent of the
U. S. Geological Survey for this particular branch, in the annual reports
on the Production of Precious Stones in the United States, published
in the Division of Mineral Resources, in the annual reports of the
Survey. All that has appeared in those volumes, together with a large
amount of additional material, earlier and more recent, and much of it
from personal communications and other unpublished sources, has been
brought together, and corrected up to the date of going to press, so as to
present to the people of California a general conception of the wealth of
their State in gems and precious stones. It is hoped that this work
may give an impetus to further discovery and advance. The develop¬
ments in this line during the last four years, especially in southern Cali¬
fornia, are phenomenal, and have not been paralleled by those of any
other State or country. They seem, however, only to have commenced,
and it is quite possible that in a few years many new and important
discoveries will be made in this region, and California be known as one
of the greatest gem-producing countries of the world. Hence, while this
report is designed to comprise all gem-minerals found in tlie State, it
will deal especially with the newest region of discovery.

It is time, and it is lit, that this body of information should be given
to the people of the State; as many of her mineral products are better
known and better represented abroad than they are at home. Altogether,
probably more than a billion dollars* worth of gold, gems, and minerals
of California have been diffused to the ends of the world—the first aid¬
ing in commerce and strengthening the banker, the others forming the
ornaments and the pride of important museums and other great collec¬
tions. The tourmaline, spodumene, rock-crystal, and other gems—as
familiar now to experts and collectors as the gold itself have been
better known to the residents of Russia, Spain, or Germany, than to the
inhabitants of the Golden State whence they came. It is a singular
fact that these gems are better represented in the American Museum
of Natural History in New York, the United States National Museum
at Washington, the British Museum in London, the Musee d'Histoire
Xaturelle of Paris, and other great institutions in the East and abroad,
than they are in the State Mining Bureau of California or the State
Universitv at Berkeley—both of which have collections that rank well

*Genis and Precious Stones of North America, New York, by George F.

Kunz. pi>. 31.

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

for the authenticity and the richness of their specimens, and for their
magnificent examples of foreign minerals. If this report shall tend to
increase tin* interest and awaken the pride of the people of the State in
their remarkable mineral treasures, it will have served a purpose of
permanent utility.

GEM-MINERALS IN CALIFORNIA.

The distribution of gem-minerals in California may be very broadly
outlined somewhat as follows:

I. There is, first, the gold region of the central and northern coun¬
ties along the western base of the Sierra Nevada; in this are found the
gold-quartz used so much for jewelry and ornamental work, and the
few hut interesting diamonds. These latter occur loose in the gold-
bearing gravels, sometimes of the surface placers, hut generally of the
old river-beds now covered and compacted by lava-flows. In these last
also is found much of the agatized and opalized wood, which is some¬
times capable of use as an ornamental stone. In the same gravel fill¬
ing *>f an ancient stream bed, in Calaveras County, has also been found
the wonderful deposit of transparent quartz crystals (rock-crystal) of
great size, which have yielded some of the finest material for art work
ever known anywhere. These occurrences, it is true, are adventitious,
and not in the nature of mines that can yield anv permanent supply.
But they have been found, and may be found again at any time. The
gold-quartz is different in this respect, and a fairly steady production
of it in certain of the quartz mines may be relied upon hereafter, as
before.

The diamonds found in the gravels are neither numerous nor large,
but some of them are beautiful and all of them possess much interest.
Their occurrence will be described further on in some detail. All have
been found incidentally, and no search for them has ever been made.
One or two suggestions, however, may be offered here:

(1) As the T. S. Geological Survey is projecting a special study of
the occurrence of platinum in California and the Pacific States, it
would seem not unlikely that if some attention were paid to the occur¬
rence of the diamond, it also might be found in this exploration; as
the diamond is one of the heavier minerals and is almost invariably
met with in the riffles with the gold and platinum.

(2) The new grease-board separator used in the South African dia¬
mond mines, recently devised through the keen observation of one of
it> employes—Mr. Kersten of Kimberley might prove a valuable
adjunct to some of tin* present gold-stamps, or in the sluices, to detect
the occurrence of diamonds in California. It is a remarkable fact
that while almost all other minerals pass over a board coated with

GEMS, JEWELERS’ MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA.

mutton tallow, when such a board is vibrated or “ jigged,” all diamonds
present remain adhering to the tallow, and can thus be separated.
With a contrivance of this kind, diamonds down to the size of a pin¬
point are at present saved in the South African diamond washings,
while otherwise they would surely he lost.

II. There is next the region of Tulare County, centering around
Visalia, where the recently developed chrysoprase mines occur at
several points. This rare and beautiful stone exists here apparently
in some abundance; and associated with it are a number of other forms
and varieties of quartz minerals capable of use in the arts for orna¬
mental purposes, such as rose-quartz, chrysopal, etc., besides several
species of garnet, some of which have yielded material for gems.
Another interesting and rather peculiar stone found in this section, on
the borders of Tulare and Fresno counties, is that named by the writer
califnrnite —a compact green variety of vesuvianite, that perfectly
resembles the celebrated ornamental stone known as jade, so much
prized in the Orient for elegant art-work. This is also found in Siski¬
you County, at the northern extremity of the State.

III. The desert region of the southwest, bordering on Nevada and
Arizona. Here, in a country arid, barren, and desolate, consisting
largely of volcanic rocks, are found some interesting localities of opal
and of turquoise, the latter giving evidence, as in Arizona, of long and
extended working by prehistoric tribes, who have left their stone tools
and their rock inscriptions around their old places of labor. These
turquoise mines occupy a considerable area in the northwestern angle
of San Bernardino County, and are operated by the Himalaya and
Toltec mining companies. The latter company has three groups of
mines, all of them patented, situated on the great desert, about 100
miles northwest from Needles station and about 50 miles north of
Manvel, which is on a branch of the Santa Fe railroad. The three
mining centers are some G miles apart, in the old Solo Mining District,
and are known as East Camp, Middle Camp, and West Camp, the latter
being within 20 miles of Death Valley. The altitude is between 5000
and G000 feet, and as there is no water at either camp, it is necessary
to draw it over mountains from 1 to 5 miles. The same company also
operates turquoise mines in Nevada, some GO miles due east of the
others.

The other company, the Himalaya, has a group of live mines in the
same district (the Solo), but some distance from the former, being about
GO miles west of Manvel, reached only by team. These claims are all
on one ledge, which is described as a “bird’s-eye porphyry” with some
granite, striking north and south, with a dip of 75 degrees west. Tur¬
quoise is the only gem found, and occurs in pockets surrounded by a white

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC,, OF CALIFORNIA,

friable substance, said 1 to be a lime silicate. Two shafts have been sunk
to a depth of SO feet, but no turquoise was found below half that depth;
and front there up most of the material has been doped to the surface.
All tiie work was done by band, with giant powder, and was laborious
and costly, and has been suspended since February, 1903. During tbe
last year of working, the amount shipped was 431 pounds of matrix
and ordinary turquoise, and 49 pounds of picked material.

IV. The most rein ark aide gem-region of the State, however, is that
developed within a few years past in San Diego and Riverside counties,
or several localities where lithia minerals occur, among which the gem-
tourmalines and gem-spodumencs are especially prominent.^ Besides
these, other gem-minerals have lately been found in adjacent or asso¬
ciated workings, especially topaz, transparent epidote and axinite, pink,
green and blue beryl, and essonite garnet- the whole forming an assem¬
blage of such minerals that is scarcely, if at all, equaled anywhere in
the world. Many of these mines are as yet only prospects, or trial
openings; but the indications are that the region is full of possibilities,
back of water and fuel are the chief obstacles thus far to a much more
extended development.

In general, it may be said that throughout the granitic region of San
Diego and Riverside counties there is a widespread prevalence of an
igue- >us rock of gray color which is generally called a diorite., with a
little disseminated quartz and mica (biotite); some samples, however,
Prof. T. C. Hopkins, whose account is quoted further on, determined to
be gabbro rather than diorite. This rock, and the granite, appear in a
series of ridges, or mountains, with a prevailing north and south course,
ami are traversed by dikes, or perhaps, as Professor Hopkins thinks,
veins, of pegmatite—very coarsely crystallized granite. These have a
general direction of northwest and southeast, and dip southward or
south westward at varying angles at different points. It is in these peg¬
matite veins or dikes, which vary more or less in their structure, but
possess great general similarity, that the gem-minerais are found. In
the notes given further on as to the several mines, these special features
will be stated in detail.

There are in this region several centers of occurrence, as thus far
recognized, of two somewhat distinct types—those yielding lithia min¬
erals. with gem-tourmaline and sometimes gem-spodumene. and those
yielding principally garnet, beryl, and topaz. Of the former, three are
especially to be noted, in San Diego County (1) the Mesa Grande
mines, which yield crystallized gem-tourmalines of splendid quality,
almost exclusively; (2) the Pal a district, in which there are three
parallel ridges Pala Mountain on the west, with the great lithia mines
and some colored tourmaline ; Pala Chief Mountain, in which are found

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA.

very line tourmaline and the now and remarkable geni-spodumene
(kunzite); and Heriart Mountain on the east, with a number of open¬
ings yielding both tourmaline and kunzite; then, northeast of these, in
Riverside County, there is (3) the region near Coahuila, in the San
Jacinto Mountains; here was the first discovery of gem-tourmaline in
California, so far as known to the whites, and kunzite and other lithia
minerals have recently been found in association with the tourmaline.
There are also other localities between this latter and Mesa Grande, and
probably many others may yet he found. About half-way between
Mesa Grande and Pala is a fine beryl mine, near Rincon.

The other class of mineral localities appears to lie along a line some¬
what southwest of those just noted, extending from near the Mexican
boundary, at Jacumba, northwest to Ramona and perhaps beyond,
following the general strike of the pegmatite veins, and almost exactly
parallel to the line from Mesa Grande to Pala. At Ramona are found
abundant line garnet (essonite), with topaz and beryl, notably the rose
variety, but not much tourmaline, no kunzite, and in general little of
the lithia minerals. Around Jacumba arc found beryl and essonite
garnet (often called hyacinth); the latter is abundant, and at one or
two points has been worked for several years to some extent. Jacumba.
or Jacumba Hot Springs, is close to the Mexican line, some 20 miles
east of Campo, and almost on the western edge of the Colorado Desert.

With regard to the character of the rocks, and the relation of the
minerals thereto, the following statement from Prof. T. C. Hopkins, of
Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y., is very instructive. Of particular
interest is his distinction between the gem-minerals of the pegmatite
veins in the gabbro (diorite) and in the granite. In many of the notes
on special features of the several mines, given further on, will be seen
phases of the vein-structure that Professor Hopkins here mentions,
especially the differences between the upper and lower sides of the vein,
which are constantly alluded to. The pockets in which the gem-crystals
occur are usually in a somewhat central zone; above is the more typical
pegmatite, and some of the describers use that name only for this por¬
tion; below lies a finer-grained feldspathic division, which is commonly
called the “line-rock,” from its being so often lined or banded with
minute garnets, as Professor Hopkins describes, or in some cases with
minute black or blue tourmalines. The question between gabbro and
diorite, for the rock traversed by the pegmatite veins, or dikes, may
well be one of locality, as Professor Hopkins concedes in part. The
rock may vary in constitution at different points, as it does in physical
structure. At one or two places, especially near Dehesa, it takes on the
peculiar concretionary character known as orbicular diorite, and this
may be valuable as an ornamental stone.

ILL. No. a. WEATHERED MASS OF “UNFROCK, 0 SHOWING GARNET INTERLINEA¬
TIONS IN THE COMPACT FELDSPAR. NAYLOR-VANDERBURG MINE.
HERIART MOUNTAIN, SAN DIEGO COUNTY.

ILL. No. 1. ORBICULAR DIORITE. DEHESA. SAN DIEGO COUNTY—WEATHERED SURFACE
SHOWING THE STR V CTURE.

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA.

the fi
Mesa

The Gem Regions of San
Diego County , California,
by Prof. T. C. Hopkins .—
“The gems occur in the
midst of pegmatite veins
which are formed in the
granite and gabbro rocks.
These rocks form a range
of hills and mountains
running through the west
and west central portions
of San Diego County. Doth
the rocks occur in great
quantities over large areas
and meet along very ir¬
regular lines of contact,
sometimes a long tongue
of the granite extending
into the gabbro and some¬
times the reverse. The
gabbro varies considerably
in both color and texture.
In places it is finely crystal¬
line, grading into basalt
with its characteristic col¬
umnar structure, and else¬
where it is quite coarse¬
grained and massive. The
granite likewise varies from
a coarse-grained texture to
a fine-grained felsite and
porphyry. In places also
it has a gneissoid structure
and grades into mica schist .
It is a dark gray biotite
granite, containing in
places dark blotches due
to imperfect crystalliza¬
tion of the magma. The
pegmatites occur in both
the gabbros and the gran¬
ites, but nearly all of the rich
gem-bearing veins are in
rst rock. The rich tourma line and kunzite veins at Pa la and
Grande are all in the gabbro. The topaz, garnet, and beryl veins

G 3

r? w

V.\

OEMS, JEWELERS * M ATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

at Ramona are in the granite. The veins are locally very numerous;
in some places in the vicinity of Ramona they form nearly half of the
rock mass. The gems invariably occur in pockets in the midst of the
pegmatite—not always the exact middle of the vein. Generally the vein
on one side of the pocket is more coarsely crystalline than on the other
side, and in many instances the finer-grained portion is finely banded
with small brown garnets. The gems commonly occur embedded in
loose clay, but occasionally they are attached to the walls of the pocket
and may even be embedded in quartz or orthoclase feldspar. They
are almost invariably accompanied by crystals of albite, lepidolite, and
quartz. The latter are sometimes quite large, single crystals weigh¬
ing from 100 to 150 pounds. The country rock has been called a
diorite, but a microscopic section from one locality proves it clearly a
gabbro, although it may be diorite at other points. The evidence
appeared to me pretty conclusive that the pegmatites are veins and
not dikes.' 7 *

In the summer of 1903, Dr. Waldemar T. Schaller, of the department
of geology of the University of California, now of the U. 8. Geological
Survey, visited the tourmaline and kunzite mine recently opened on
Pala Chief Mountain, and reported upon the occurrence in detail.
His account of it will be cited further on; at present it is merely men¬
tioned as an authoritative description of this locality, giving the same
general facts as indicated over a wider area by Professor Hopkins.f

The general geology of the granitic region of southwestern California,
in which these remarkable developments of minerals have recently been
made, has been repeatedly described, but never very fully or exactly
determined. At the time of the second geological survey, under Prof.
J. I). Whitney, 1860 to 1865, the whole region was little known or set¬
tled. save at a few points on the coast. Professor Whitney gives certain
broad outlines, but not based upon any detailed examination of that
part of the State as a whole. lie points out the disappearance of the
Great Valley, with its clear definition of the two mountain systems on
either side, the Sierra and the Coast Ranges, and the apparent inter¬
mingling of the two, as the Sierra bends toward the southwest, cutting
off the central valley. This south westward extension of the Sierra passes
across what is now Kern County, and, with the Tehachapi Mountains,
divides it into two well-marked portions. Professor Whitney observes
that it is only by the age and position of the sedimentary rocks, and
not*by any topographical features, that the mountains below this line
can be judged as to their relations. As the two systems approach and
intermingle, the lines of disturbance are so closely related, and so influ-

Letter from Prof. T. C. Hopkins, fluted .January 11. 1905.

+ W. T. Schaller, Spoduntene from San Diego County. Cal.: Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ.
Cal.. Yol. III. Sept., 1903, pp. 205-275.

2— M B

GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

enced by secondary ones, that the topography gives no clew to the actual
facts of structure.*

His determination was that the Coast Range ends at about San Luis
Rev, and is not traceable farther south; and that the principal moun¬
tains of what are now San Diego and Riverside counties belong geolog¬
ically and orographically to the Sierra Nevada, which stretches on
southward to form the long peninsula of Lower California.

This close relation of the region under consideration to the system
of the Sierra <vas recognized and confirmed ten years later by Prof.
W. A. Goodyear, who made a reconnaissance of the country in 1872.
His notes were published many years afterward, in the eighth report
of the State Mimng Bureau, 1888. They are clear and vivid in their
topographic portrayal. He describes! the geological and geographical
features of San Diego County (including also what is now Riverside
County) substantially as follows:

The broad mountain range which, stretching south from the San
Bernardino Valley, occupies all the western part of San Diego County,
from the Pacific east to the Colorado Desert, and south to the Mexican
line, is essentially a region of granite, nine tenths of it being composed
of this rock. Along the coast it is flanked by Tertiary sediments; and
much of it, especially in the eastern part, is traversed by belts of
highly metamorphic schists, micaceous and hornblendic, with a prevail¬
ing northwesterly course. The detailed topography is exceedingly
complex, the ridges trending in different directions and inclosing
valleys at various altitudes.

Along the shore extends the Tertiary mesa, which rises gently east¬
ward, and sometimes reaches far inland among the mountains, to
heights varying from 500 to 800 feet. The mountains gradually increase
in elevation, until at some 50 miles from the coast they form a crest
line of some (>000 or 7000 feet, from which they fall off steeply and
rapidly on the eastern side some 5000 feet to the western edge of the
Colorado desert; thus resembling, says Professor Goodyear, on a smaller
scale, the form and contour of the true Sierra Nevada.!

Such is the general character until the northern part of San Diego
(now Riverside) is reached, when a more east and west trend appears,
culminating in the grand peak of San Jacinto, near the San Bernardino
line, whose height is given by Lieutenant Wheeler as about 11,000 feet.

Professor Goodyear then describes in some detail his examination of
the rocks and the structure in ascending the canon of the San Diego
and traversing the ridges and valleys to Ramona, Ballon a, Santa
Ysabel, Julian, and Banner, some of which are in the region of the
recent discoveries. Everywhere the predominant rock is granite, of

*Geol. Survey of Cal., Vol. 1. 1865. pp. 1*57. 168.

t California State Mining Bureau. Rept. VIII. 1888, pp. 516-522.

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

varied type, sometimes becoming a syenite, “consisting of feldspar and
hornblende, with but little quartz and almost no mica, which might
almost be called a diorite/’ This latter rock is now recognized as a
distinct formation from the granite, as elsewhere described herein. He
notes the occurrence of the orbicular diorite at several places, sa ving
that the granite “often contains dark-colored hornblendie nodules,
* * * whose texture is still granitoid. 7 ' The pegmatite dikes, now
found to be so rich in gem-minerals, are well described, as follows:
“The granite country here {/. e. y near Julian) is frequently traversed
by veins of very coarse granite, which sometimes furnish plates of
mica one to two inches in diameter, with correspondingly large 1 docks
of feldspar"; he also noted the black tourmaline crystals in the same
veins, but did not encounter the colored ones.

The ascent of Cuyamaca Mountain is then described; and the general
features of the whole region, as seen from that fine point of observation,
are so clearly presented that it is well to quote them in detail. The
view is extensive and grand northward to the San Jacinto and San
Bernardino mountains, westward along the coast and out to sea, and
southward far into Mexico; northeast lies the Colorado Desert and the
Coahuila Valley, and a long stretch of the San Bernardino Mountains
running toward the Colorado River along the northeast side of the
desert.

“ From this standpoint;' Professor Goodyear says, “ the whole country
from just hack of Ban Diego * * * to the western edge of the

desert is like an angry ocean of knobby peaks, more or less isolated,
with short ridges running in every possible direction, and inclosing
between and among them numerous small and irregular valleys. As a
general rule, the higher peaks and ridges rise from 1000 to 2500 feet
above the little valleys and canons around their immediate bases.
But in going eastward from the coast, each successive little valley is
higher than the one * * * preceding, and the dominant peaks and

ridges also rise higher and higher *' * * until we reach the irregular

line of the main summit crest, or water-divide, * * * when the

mountains break suddenly off and fall within a very few miles from
4000 to 5000 feet or more, with an abrupt and precipitous front to the
east, to the western edge of the desert. It thus follows that this chain
of mountains, as already stated, though made up of a confused mass of
minor ridges and peaks of granite, having in their detailed topography
but little connection with or relation to each other, nevertheless has a
general orographic form very closely allied to that of the Sierra Nevada
in the more central portions of the State/ 1

In the volume published by the Miners' Association, in 1899, for the
California meeting of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, the
following similar, though much more recent, account is given as to this

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

region. Referring to the mineral wealth of southern California, that
term is defined as that portion of the State south of the Tehachapi
Mountains—“which unite the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges, inclos¬
ing the upper (i. e ., southern) end of the central valley, and topograph¬
ically dividing the State into two regions of distinct characters.” The
belt on the west is fertile, salubrious, rich, and prosperous, the mineral
resources are chiefly oil and asphalt; otherwise, the mineral wealth of
southern California lies eastward, in a very different area, comprising
most of San Diego, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Los Angeles coun¬
ties. The chief mining region is the desert country east of the Coast
Ranges, “a region of rugged mountains, hare and forbidding hills, and
sandy plains, divided by a series of mountain elevations into the Mojave
and Colorado deserts." Gold and other mines exist all through this
arid country, in which the rocks present great diversity, of all ages and
types, the igneous ones being very numerous and marked. This report
was chiefly concerned with gold mining; but the general presentation
given is very good, and may well be taken here as descriptive of tlie
recently developed gem-regions of southern California.

The two contrasted areas above noted have their separate types of gem
production—those already mentioned as III and IV—in the extreme
southern part of the State. The fertile region on the west is the Tertiary
plateau or coast mesa; then comes the broad zone of granitic hills and
ridges, so vividly pictured by Professor Goodyear, and identified by
Professor Whitney, as in reality the southwestern extension of the Sierra,
although in its geographical relations it occupies the place of the Coast
Range. Through this hilly zone run the pegmatite veins, so rich in
lithia minerals—tourmaline, kunzite, lepidolite, etc.—and in garnet,
beryl, and topaz, at many points from the Mexican border to the heights
of the San Jacinto Mountains. Then comes, on the east, the steep
falling-off of the mountain area, as described by Professor Goodyear, to
the arid stretch of the Colorado Desert, bounded on the northeast by
the San Bernardino range, beyond which, to the north, lies the Mojave
Desert, with its borax mines. In the Colorado Desert, among the
volcanic rocks, are the opal and turquoise localities mentioned under
III -some of the latter far up on the San Bernardino heights, and
others away to the eastward in Nevada and Arizona.

Tt is with the western division—that of the granitic bill country that
the present report has principally to deal, although the other gem-
producing areas are also described.

GEMS, JEWELERS’ MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

HISTORICAL OUTLINE*

The first discovery of colored gem-tourmaline in the State goes hack
as far as 18^2, when Mr. Henry Hamilton,in June of that ytear, obtained
and recognized this mineral in Riverside County, on the southeast slope
of Thomas Mountain. These colored tourmalines, now found at a
number of points, were not encountered by Professor Goodyear, who
particularly noted the black tourmalines in the pegmatite veins, in Ins
geological tour through San Diego County, in the same year, referred to
above; hut his reconnaissance was a little south of the gem-tourmaline
belt. Some mining was done at this point, and line gems were obtained.
In the course of years, three localities were opened and more or less
worked in this vicinity; so that in the authors report on American
gem-production for 1893, the following statement appeared:*

" Tourmalines are mined at the California gem mine, the San Jacinto
gem mine, and the Columbian gem mine, near Riverside, California.
These three mining claims cover the ground on which the tourmaline is
found, and are situated in the Sail Jacinto range of mountains in River¬
side County, California, at an altitude of 6500 feet, overlooking Hemet
Valley and the Coahuila Valley, and 27 miles from the railroad. The
formation in which the crystals are found is a vein from 40 to 50 feet
wide running almost north and south through the old crystalline rocks
which make up the mountain range. The vein in some places consists
of pure feldspar, or else feldspar with quartz, in others all mica, and in
others rose-quartz and smoky quartz. The tourmalines vary in size
from almost micrograins to crystals 4 inches in diameter. They arc
most plentiful in the feldspar, but are found in other portions of the
vein, sometimes in pockets and sometimes isolated. The larger crystals
generally have a green exterior and are red or pink in the center. Some
of the crystals contain green, red, pink, black, and intermediate colors;
others again are all of uniform tint—red, pink, colorless, or blue.
Associated with the tourmalines are rose-quartz, smoky quartz, asteriated
quartz, and fluorite, and some of the quartz was penetrated with Hue,
hair-like crystals of tourmaline, strikingly like a similar occurrence of
rutile. ”

It may seem remarkable that this locality of gem-tourmalines should
have been unrecorded in the earlier lists of California minerals given
by such authorities as Professor Blake and Mr. Hanks in the
reports of the State Mining Bureau fur 1882 and 1884. But the parties
who knew of the occurrence did not make it public for some years, and
the earlier specimens were taken out quietly and their locality not
divulged. The writer had positive knowledge as to the facts, however,
and possesses a fine specimen obtained prior to 1873.

- Gcorgr F. Kunz: Min, Res. U. ft.. Kept; P. ft. Geol. Survey, iw, p, 1$(reprint).

GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

The second important discovery in this region was made, or at least
announced, twenty years later, in 1892, by Mr. C. R. Oreutt— the great
locality of litliia minerals at Pala. Some allusions to red tourmaline
from uncertain sources in this part of the State had appeared before;
but nothing very specific. In the list of California minerals prepared
by Prof. William P. Blake in 1880-82,* and also quoted in that of

ILL. No. 6. “BRIDAL CHAMBER,” LEP1DOLITE MINE. PALA,

SAN DIEGO COUNTY-SHOWING TOURMALINE
CRYSTALS EMBEDDED IN THE ROCK.

Mr. Henry G. Hanks, published in 1884, t references are made to the
recent discovery of rubellite, for the first time in the State, associated
with lepidolite, “in the San Bernardino range, southern California.”
The general description is precisely that of the Pala specimens, but
the location is very indefinite. Mr. Hanks refers to the same associa¬
tion under lepidolite, and mentions a specimen in the State Mining

* Stale Mineralogist, 2d Kept., 1880-82, p. 2o7. Appendix.

+ Ibid., 4tli Kept., 1884, p. BSD.

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

Bureau, from San Diego County, ami remarks that “this may at some
future time he found profitable to extract lithium from it”* a pre¬
diction abundantly verified now. Mr. Orcutt, however, was the first to
make the locality known. It was noted by the author in his report for
1893, where the following account was given:!

“Mr. Charles Russell Orcutt has announced a new and remarkable
occurrence of pink tourmaline in lepidolite, similar to that of Rumford,
Maine, 12 miles south of Temecula, near San Luis Key River, in San
Diego County, the southern county of California, and it has already
become celebrated from the abundance and beauty of the specimens
yielded, as much as twenty tons having been sent East for sale.
Through San Diego County runs the Peninsula range, rising several
thousand feet between the coast and the Colorado Desert. In these
granite mountains are diorite intrusions and some metamorphic schists,
etc. W est of the summit lies a parallel belt of granitic rock character¬
ized by dikes of pegmatite, in one of the largest of which occurs this
great deposit of lepidolite with tourmaline. In Pala, a little west of
Smith's Mountain, in the Peninsula range, * * * a ledge of lepidolite
containing rubcllite has been traced for over half a mile. It consists
of a coarse granite, penetrating a norite rock, and including masses of
pegmatite. Small garnets occur in the granite, and black tourmaline,
with a little green tourmaline. The lepidolite appears in the southern
portion, finally forming a definite vein which at one point is twenty
yards wide. The rubellite is chiefly in clusters and radiations, several
inches in diameter, also occasionally as single crystals, and the speci¬
mens of deep pink tourmaline in tin* pale lilac mica are remarkably
elegant* About eighteen tons were mined during 1892.”

The next important discovery was made six years later, in 1898;
this was the wonderful Mesa Grande locality, some 20 miles southeast
of Pala. There are various stories about the Indians having known it
for many years, and the most familiar account is that given further on
under Tourmaline. But the fact that some of the highly colored crys¬
tals are found in Indian graves in the vicinity, suggests that they may
have been known and valued perhaps for a very long time. The ledge
in which they occur is exposed by erosion on the side of the mountain;
and the natives had certainly learned where to find crystals, and had
them in their possession for some years before the whites knew any¬
thing about them. It is even said that they had learned how to do a
little rude blasting, and thus to reach the cavities in which the minerals
occur. It was not until 1898, however, that this now famous locality
was made known to the world.

State Mineralogist, 4th Kept., IKS4, p. 254.

4 Kept. r. S. Geol. Survey. 18M3. Min. Res. l\ S.. pp. 17, 18 (reprint).

GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

The discovery was announced in the author's report for 1900, on the
production of precious stones in the United States, as follows:*

“In 1898, while prospecting in Mesa Grande Mountain, San Diego
County, California, for lepidolite, a large ledge was observed that
appeared to be a mass of this mineral. This locality is at an altitude
of 5000 feet on the Mesa Grande Mountain, a region in which no
geological work had up to that time been done. The first few blasts
showed that lepidolite was present in quantity, and also in larger and
more brilliant scales than in the well-known locality at Pala, Cal.
Both in the lepidolite and in the associated quartz there are magnifi¬
cent crystals of tourmaline, and, as at Pala, the rubellite variety pre¬
dominates. The new locality differs, however, in having the tourmaline
in distinct, isolated crystals. Many of these are translucent, or even
transparent, and occur as large, separate crystals, with perfect prisms
and terminations. They differ in both these respects from the Pala
crystals, which are nearly opaque and grouped in radiations almost
blending into the matrix, which latter is lepidolite, with rarely ever
any quartzite. The rubellite seems the predominating variety at Mesa
Grande Mountain; but there is also a large proportion of parti-colored
crystals— i. e. 7 those made up of three, four, or five distinct sections, as
at Haddam Neck, Conn., and Paris, Me.; others present the Brazilian
type, in which several different colored tourmalines appear, as though
included one within the other. In the Brazilian crystals, however, the
interior is generally red, inclosed in white, and the exterior green.
This concentric arrangement is reversed in the crystals from Mesa
Grande Mountain, which are generally green in the interior, or yellow-
green, inclosed in white, with the exterior red. The habit of the
crystals is also very interesting, in that many of them, when doubly
terminated, end in a flat, basal form of pyramid, and are not liemi-
morphic, as tourmalines generally are.' 1

For several years, these above noted were the only gem mines of this
region, and their product was highly esteemed. But in 1902 began a
succession of new discoveries that have attracted great attention. On
Pala Chief Mountain and on Heriart Mountain began to be found not
only line-colored tourmalines, but the novel and remarkable gem-
spodumene, designated as kunzite. This last-named mineral was found
by Mr. Frederick M. Sickler, at what is now known as the White Queen
mine, on Heriart Mountain, east of Pala, early in 1902; it is claimed,
indeed, that he had obtained one or two pieces some time before, but it
was not identified. In July, 1902, Mr. Sickler visited San Diego and
Los Angeles, and showed specimens to local jewelers and collectors,
none of whom recognized it. The first determination was made by the
writer, from specimens sent by Mr. Sickler early in 1903.

* Min. Res. U. S., Kept. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1900, p. 33 (reprint).

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC,, OF CALIFORNIA.

The great Pala Chief mine, which has given it* name to the middle
one of the three ridges or mountains at Pala, and has yielded magnifi¬
cent tourmalines and the largest and finest gem-spoduinene crystals,
was located in May, 1903, by Frank A. Salmons. John Guldens* Pedro
Peiletch* and Bernardo Her!art. The actual discoverers were probably
the two last named, the Basque prospectors who had already been
working and locating claims with the two Sieklers, father and son, on
Heriart Mountain, the ridge a little to the east. Mr. Salmons has been
the principal operator, however, of this very notable mine.

The first public announcement of these discoveries appeared in the
writer's report on gem-production in the United States for 1902, having
been introduced late, while the report was being printed in 1903.* They
were also described by the writer in “ Science” for August 23, 1903, and
in the American Journal of Science for September of the same year.f

Meanwhile, on September 8,1902* gem-tourmaline hail been discovered
on Aguanga Mountain, some 5 miles south of Oak Grove* by Mr. Bert
Simmons. This locality lies nearly cast from Pala and south from that
at Coalmila, next to be mentioned, and about equally distant from the
two, some 15 miles, Kinmte has since been found on the same claim.

On May 30, 1903, Mr. Simmons discovered both colored tourmalines
and kunzite in Riverside County* some 10 miles west of the old Hamil¬
ton {first) discovery. The locality is on Coalmila Mountain, about 20
miles northeast of Pala. The mine was for some time known as the
Simmons mine* but has been sold to Mr. E, A. Fano, of San Diego, and
is now called by his name. This is one of the most promising and
productive mines of the region.

The discoveries at and around llamona followed in rapid succession,
in 1903. Some had been made several years earlier, but they had not
attracted much notice. Essonite garnet was reported near Ramona in
1892, by D. C. Collier, and also fine epidote. Much of the essonite
found hereabout is of rich color and fine gem quality.

Several mines, with this “hyacinth.” variety of garnet and more or
less of beryl and tourmaline, were located in May, July, and Septem¬
ber, 1903, *

On October 3d of that year, topaz was discovered in the same vicinity,
by James W. Booth and John IX Farley. This was a novel and impor¬
tant addition to the gem products of the State. The crystals are of
various sizes, some of them large, often transparent, and range from
colorless to pale shades of blue* much resembling those from the old
and wtdl-known locality at Sarapulka in the Ural Mountains.

These minerals will be described further on* in the body of this report*

* Min. Res. U* S. T Kept. IX S. GeoL Survey, 1UU2, pp. 848, 849.

tScience. Vul. XVIII (new ser.). No. 4SS5,1908,. 280; and Am. X Sd. (4), Vol. XVI,

19CKS, pp. 2fH-SK7.

GEMS, JEWELERS’ MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA.

and the several mines will he enumerated, with their special products,
in the section following.

As was noted before, the garnet and topaz belt seems to run on a
distinct and parallel line somewhat southwest of the tourmaline-kunzite
mines. The main localities are near Ramona; but if a line be drawn
from that point southeast to the Mexican border, it will strike another
great garnet region near Jacumba Hot Springs. These localities have
only recently been much known or examined. They were first described
in the writer's report on gem production for 1903, together with the
Ramona discoveries above noted,* as follows:

“Essonite has been found at a number of localities in deposits spread
over a considerable territory from 9 to 10 miles northeast of Jacumba
Hot Springs, San Diego County, Cal., usually associated with granite
and granular limestone. At three of the places some gem material has
been found. Associated with it is a little vesuvianite and crystallized
quartz. Eleven localities in this region are noted. Essonite has also
been found near San Vicente, El Cajon Mountains, but the crystals
were full of imperfections. The finest essonite crystals are obtained
at Ramona, San Diego County, associated with green tourmaline,
white topaz, and beryl, occasionally in perfect dodecahedrons and
trapezohedrons, of rich yellow to orange-red color, and very brilliant.
They have also been discovered at Warner’s Ranch, MesaHrande, Santa
Ysabel, Gravilla, and Julian, San Diego County; Deer Park, Placer
County; Laguna Mountains and Jacumba, and also at several places
below the Mexican line. As some of the crystals were of exceptional
brilliancy, it is possible that on further development many fine gems
will be obtained.”

The name Jacumba is used in a very general way for any place
within a few miles of the store and springs. It properly belongs to a
small valley surrounded by mountains of granite, and locally noted for
it- earthquakes and hot springs, situated close to the Mexican line.
The springs are liable to great fluctuations of level, and there are exten¬
sive lava-flows among the mountains around, so that the region appears
to be one of recent volcanic activity. As yet, however, it has not been
accurately mapped or geologically examined. The springs are both hot
and cold, variously impregnated with mineral substances, and are likely
to become important as a health resort, especially as the country still
abounds with wild game. They are situated on the projected railroad
line skirting the frontier, from San Diego to Phoenix, Arizona—74 miles
east of San Diego and some 20 miles from Campo, in the S. E. j of
Sec. 12, T. 18 S., R> 7 E., S. B. M. A short distance east is the main
mountain crest, and then a steep descent to the Colorado Desert.

Throughout this region around Jacumba, essonite garnet is found at

’ Min. Res. U. S., Rcpt. U. S. Geol. Survey. 1903, p. 19 (reprint).

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC^ OF CALIFORNIA.

various points, together with black tourmaline and some beryl As
elsewhere in all the granite country of San Diego County, these minerals
are associated with pegmatite veins, though at one or two points the
garnets are reported in a limestone. The mines best known are situ¬
ated in the Santa Rosa Mountains, several miles northeast of Jfccumba.
\ot much working lias been done as yet, but there is likely to be a good
deal more soon. One mine, the Dos Cabezas, in which the garnets
occur in a marble, has been known for some ten years, and occasionally
worked, yielding many fine hyacinths.

The country hereabout is very wild, rugged, and inaccessible, and
wood and water are scarce. If the railroad is opened through, this may
become an important region of gem-production.

In the whole hilly country of the granite and d unite, west and south
from these lines of opening, here briefly indicated, constant reports
are coming in of interesting mineral discoveries. The orbicular dioiite,
or napoieonite, elsewhere described, near Dehesa, and the newly discov¬
ered lilac dumortierite. not far from the same place, may both become
valuable ornamental stones, if procurable in quantities sufficient for
such purposes. These are described in the body of this report. The
whole country seems full of possibilities for precious and semi-precious
minerals; and years must yet pass before it will be so fully explored
that any complete estimate of its resources can be formed. Meanwhile
this report brings together most of what has been discovered, and also
of what has been done thus far, in regard to the gem-minerals of south¬
ern California.

RECOGNITION.

In issuing this report, the writer desires to hear testimony to the
work of those who have preceded him in the study of California miner¬
alogy, and also of those who have directly aided or contributed to the
gathering of the facts herein presented. A very brief review may be
given in the first place of the history of niinenilogical investigation in
the State of California, in order to link the present with the past and
to show something of the course of development.

Within four years after the first discovery of gold, in 1847, at Sut¬
ters mill, El Dorado County, a geological survey of the State was
organized, with Dr. John B. Trask as its director; his preliminary
report was made in 1851, and four annual reports were issued in the
rears 1853 to 1850 inclusive. These dealt principally with the Sierra
Nevada and Coast Ranges, with especial reference to gold. Work was
then suspended for several years, until the organization of the Second
theological Survey, in 1861, under Prof. J. D. Whitney. This was
begun and carried out on a noble and comprehensive scale, until the
unfortunate stoppage of appropriations for it in 1874. The work of

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

Professor Whitney and the eminent scientific experts associated with
him was thus suddenly broken off. Portions of the work, that had been
done and were ready for publication, were subsequently issued elsewhere
under the auspices of scientific societies.

After six years, the State Mining Bureau was organized by the Legis¬
lature in 1880, and has been maintained from that time, with a great
amount of excellent and valuable work by many able men. The office of
State Mineralogist was created, and Mr. Henry G. Hanks was appointed;
he held the position from 1880 to 1886, and gave a very important
impetus to mining and mineralogical interests. His reports are full of
valuable material. He was followed in succession by William Irelan, Jr.,
1886-1893; J. J. Crawford, 1893-1897; A. S. Cooper, 1897 1901; and
the present State Mineralogist, Lewis E. Auburv, from that time on.
The Bureau now occupies a large and impressive building in San Fran-
cisco, and has gathered extensive collections of the minerals of the
State, as well as of general mineralogy for comparative study.

Among those who have dealt particularly with the regions, or the
topics, considered in the present report, in distinction from tlie
mining of gold and other metallic productions, which have naturally
held the first place in the work that has been done, reference may he
made to the following persons: The earliest list of minerals of the State
was prepared by Prof. William P. Blake, and published in the second
report of the State Mining Bureau, 1882 (appendix); this was followed
by other lists based upon it and adding to it, by Mr. Henry G. Hanks,
published in his fourth and sixth reports, 1884 and 1886. These lists
are quite full, and contain many valuable notes on the peculiarities of
the minerals at the localities described.

With special regard to the finding of diamonds in the State, numer¬
ous articles have appeared, from an early date, in the American
Journal of Science, the proceedings of the California Academy of Sci¬
ences, the Mining and Scientific Press, and other publications of various
kinds; these will be referred to in the section upon diamond occurrence,
later. The Rev. C. S. Lyman was the first to describe a California
diamond, in 1848; and Prof. Benjamin Silliman published several early
accounts. In 1854, Dr. Melville Attwood, an important contributor to
the geological study of the State, and author of valuable papers pub¬
lished by the State Mining Bureau, called public attention to the occa¬
sional presence of diamonds in the gold gravels, and the possibility of
further discoveries. In 1871, Prof. W. A. Goodyear published a refer¬
ence to the subject in Prof. R. W. Raymond’s volume on 11 Mineral
Resources West of the Rocky Mountains.” A full account of all
the discoveries up to date was given by Mr. Hanks in his second
report of the State Mining Bureau for 1882, with comparisons between
the California occurrences and those in other parts of the world; and

GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS* ETC.* OP CALIFORNIA.

tills was supplemented in Ills reports for 1884 and 1888. The last and
most comprehensive article on this subject was that of Mr. -L W. Turner*
in 1899 (“Diamonds in California”), published in the American Geol¬
ogist, VoL XXIII, in which all the occurrences are given, up to
that time.

The geology of the granitic region of the southwestern section of the
State, spoken of formerly as Ban Diego County, but including also what
is now the County of Riverside—the region which is principally treated
of in this report, on account of its recent very notable development as
u gem country—has attracted more or less attention from an early
period, and has been described partially and briefly by a number of
observers. Prof. J, 1). Whitney, as will be shown further on, recognized
some of its leading geographical features in his first volume on the
Geology of California, published in I 860 . Prof. Rossi ter \\\ Raymond,
in his report for 1872, on “Statistics of Mines and Mining West of the
Rocky Mountains,” devotes a chapter to San Diego County and its
early gold developments* based largely on the studies of Mr. C. A.
Loekhardt, who examined and reported upon it in 1870. Prof. W. A.
Goodyear, who is cited herein, later, traveled over portions of the
region in 1872, and described it very vividly and clearly, although his
observations did not appear for several years. Mr. TL G, Hanks, in
bis sixth report, 1886, gave an account of San Diego County and its
mineral resources, with a large and valuable map. Professor Goodyear's
observations, above noted, appeared in the ninth report, issued by
Mr: I re tan, in 1889.

!n the Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences for 1888,
Mr. Wnldemar Lindgren published a series of “Notes on the Geology
of Baja California” ( 2 d series, Vol. I, p. 173), with a profile from Ban
Diego to the Colorado Desert. A number of papers and articles on this
region have appeared since 1890, among which the following may be
mentioned: Relation of the metamorphic and granitic rocks of the
Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges; H. V\\ Fairbanks; Amer. Geologist,
Vol, XL 1893, p> 69;—Geological sketch of Lower California; S. F.
Emmons and G. 3\ Merrill ; Bulk GcoL Society of America, VoL V.
1894, p, 489;—Geology of San Diego County; 1L W. Fairbanks; West
American Scientist, Vol. X, 1901, p, 86 ; -and several articles by Mr.
C. R. Orcutt on Mines and Minerals of Ban Diego County (the same,
Vol III, p. 69) and on the Colorado Desert (the same, Vol. VII, 1890.
p. on, and Vol. XII, 1901, p. 102), and previously in the Tenth Report -of
the State Mining Bureau. 1890.

These and all other reports, articles, and publications of whatever
kind on California geology, may be found recorded in accurate detail,
and often with valuable notes on any special features, in the admirably
careful and systematic bibliography of the subject prepared for the

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA.

State Mining Bureau by Brigadier-General Anthony \Y. Vogdes, L\ fc.
Engineers, and published by the State Mining Bureau as Bulletin No. 30*

It remains to speak more particularly of those who have personally
contributed, directly or indirectly, to the data concerning gem-minerals
especially dealt with in this report, whether as workers in the tield
of actual discovery and development, or as collectors and students, or
as correspondents furnishing valuable facts. In many eases, they have
combined some or all of these relations, and it is a pleasure to recognize
their services in any of these departments.

Mr. Melville Attwood, F.G.S., a careful worker, a microseopist as
well as a mineralogist, first really called the attention of the world to
the finding of diamonds in the hydraulic gold washings of California,
in 1854. He is said to have been the first also to have identified the
silver ores in the great Comstock lode. He was a mining geologist of
recognized ability, and contributed important papers to the reports of
the State Mining Bureau, especially that on the milling of gold quartz
(Second Report, 1882) and on the lithology of wall rocks (Eighth
Report, 1888).

Mr. Iienry (i. Hanks, the first State Mineralogist of California, bad
much to do with the development of many of the mineral localities,
and his admirable reports and scientific papers kept the world well
informed of the progress of mineralogy and mining in the great Golden
State. His lists of minerals have been already referred to; while, per¬
haps, bis most prominent special work was that on the borax deposits,
published in the third report of the State Mining Bureau (1S83).

Under his successors, the scientific work of the Bureau has been
worthily carried on, and the collections increased to their present noble
extent.

Among the earlier students and writers, the names of Prof. William
P. Blake and Prof. Benjamin Silliman, Jr., are not to he overlooked.
The former prepared the earliest list of rare California minerals, for
the second report of the State Mining Bureau, in 1882, besides numer¬
ous articles in scientific journals; and the latter was associated with
Professor Whitney and Mr. Hanks, as far back as 1867, in the cele¬
brated presentation and discussion of diamonds from the gold gravels,
before the California Academy of Sciences.

Since 1878, Mr. Charles Russell Orcutt, of San Diego, Cal., editor of
the West Side Scientist—a modest publication that has yet done more
than any other concerning the flora of Lower California from time to
time made excursions for plants, especially cacti, and during these
trips collected mineral specimens which he sent to the author for deter¬
mination. His was the first information received of the great lepido-
lite mine at Pa la, and several of the other gem-produeing localities in
southern California. He has also published important papers in tin*

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA.

reports of the State Mining Bureau, especially on the mineralogy ami
geology of the Colorado Desert (Tenth Report, 1890) and in the Min¬
ing and Scientific Press for the same year (Vol. VII).

Mr. Henry S. Durden, for many years curator of the collection of the
State Mining Bureau, has repeatedly sent the writer information con¬
cerning the occurrence of precious stones in California, using great
care and discrimination in transmitting such announcements.

Mr. Max Braverman, an ardent and careful collector of minerals,
residing at Visalia, Cal., has for a long time been contributing valua¬
ble information concerning tlie finding of the topazolite, chrysoprase,
hyalite, and various other minerals of his own vicinity and region; and
recently, with a public spirit and generosity worthy of the highest
citizenship, he has presented his collection, the work of many years, to
the Golden Gate Museum at San Francisco, when he had received offers
for its purchase from institutions in other States,

Mr. Dwight Whiting, formerly of Boston, has long been interested in
securing information about gem localities in California, and since 1S93
lias furnished many new and valuable facts, which have been recorded
in the writer’s annual reports on the Production of Precious Stones.

With regard particularly to the remarkable discoveries of gem-
minerals in the last few years, in San Diego County :

Mr. Fred M. Sickler and his father, M. M. Siekler, of Bala, have for
many years been interested in the subject of mineral development in
southern California, and it was Fred M. Sickler who first sent to the
writer a mineral which the California lapidaries did not recognize, and
had been unable to cut, owing to a peculiar cleavage. This mineral,
when it reached New York, was identified by the author as a form of
spoduniene, and was subsequently given the new name of kinnifr by
Dr. Charles Baskerville. The Messrs. Sickler have, since that time,
paid much attention to tin* development of mining properties in the
Bala region, have located a number of claims, and have contributed
many descriptive letters, which have materially aided in the preparation
of this State report.

Two Basque Frenchmen, Bernardo Ileriart (after whom Ileriart
Mountain is named) and Pedro Peiletch, have been most careful pros¬
pectors, and have assisted in the locating of a number of claims, in the
same region, of kunzite and other gem-miuerals, including the great
Bala Chief mine, of which they were apparently the first discoverers.

It was Frank A. Salmons, now County Clerk of San Diego County,
who thoroughly developed the Bala Chief mine, in which have been
found the greatest deposits of the gem-spodumene and rubellite in that
vicinity. To him is due the credit of having sent the finest specimens
of these minerals from California that had yet been seen.

Dr. \Y. T. Sehaller. a graduate of the University of California, visited

GEMS, JEWELERS’ MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA.

the gem regions of San Diego County in the summer of 1903, during
the preparation of his thesis on spodumene, which was published by
the University of California. He also visited the State in June and
July of 1904, in behalf of the Department of Mining Statistics of the
U. S. Geological Survey, to study the deposits of lithia minerals for a
bulletin to be issued by the Survey. The results of this investigation
will be published later.

The writer himself went to California in 1890, in the interest of the
Eleventh United States Census, and while there visited a number of
the localities and local collections. He also published all the information
that could be obtained upon the subject of California precious stones in
his volume on “Gems and Precious Stones of North America,” issued
in New York in 1889, and the two appendices to it in 1890 and 1892;
and also annually in the reports of the Department of Mining Statistics
of the U. S. Geological Survey, which have appeared from 1882 up to
the current year (1905).

With special reference to this report on California gems herewith
presented to the State Mineralogist, Mr. Anbury, Mr. W. H. Trenchard,
of San Diego, has lately visited nearly all the localities of precious stones
in the southern portion of the State, making measurements, obtaining
facts, collecting specimens, and securing photographs, many of which
are printed herein.

To Mr.. Samuel G. Ingle, of San Diego, the author feels under great
obligation for information, specimens and photographs, which he has
sent from time to time, and which have assisted in presenting many of
the facts contained herein; also to Mr. II. C. < iordon, who, as a very care¬
ful and observant correspondent, has furnished numerous data, together
with many specimens of the gem-minerals and their associations,
as well as photographs of localities, several of which are reproduced in
the following pages.

Thanks are due to the Hon. L. E. Anbury, at whose suggestion this
precious-stone report was made, and under whose direction the list of
minerals in the State Mining Bureau was prepared, for his continued
courtesy in furnishing information, photographs, and assistance through¬
out the entire preparation of this work.

In regard to the future of precious-stone mining, in southern Califor¬
nia. although the great diamond output of to-day is not adequate for
the world's demand, it will require possibly a change of fashion or new
adaptability of materials to consume all the semi-precious stones that
are likely to develop if mining is continued in this line with much
more energy. California as a tourist’s resort has the advantage over
many other places in being an attractive country, drawing many thou¬
sands «»f strangers, who are generally more or less affluent; and if the
precious stones themselves are handsomely or quaintly cut, and are in

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

all instances what they are represented to be, there is likely to be a
large demand created in this way. Unfortunately, at other places
in the United States, foreign or artificial minerals have been sub¬
stituted for native material. If the smoky quartz, lepidolite, and like
minerals were worked up into desk weights, seals, charms, etc., a great
quantity could also be sold not only in California, but elsewhere. It
was the development of an industry like this in the Ural Mountains of
Russia, brought about by Catherine II. sending two lapidaries to that
region, that led to the employment of fully one thousand people in the
Ural district. As the chrysoprase, the turquoise, and the tourmaline of
California, when not of fine gem quality, have been cut into crude beads
of East Indian type, into small forms of mosaic work, and the like, a
large quantity of this material has found a definite market in Europe as
well as in the United States, that otherwise would have been a loss in
mining. The development of proper lapidary interests of this kind will
surely do much to sustain the mining of gems in California and add
appreciably to the wealth of the gem regions.

THE PROPERTIES OF GEMS.

It is difficult to define to-day what is meant by ,k a precious stone,”
for the mineralogist would give one definition, the jeweler another,
the archaeologist still a different one, while the scientific collector and
the gatherer of curios and souvenirs would not agree with any of the
others. A gem-mineral or a “ precious stone” may be defined as a
mineral of any sort, distinguished for its beauty, durability, or rarity,
especially when cut ami polished. There are only a few really precious
stones: the diamond, the ruby and sapphire (identical in composition),
the emerald, and occasionally the pearl (which is of animal origin)
is included; formerly also the opal.

Some twenty years ago jewelers sold only a few varieties of stones;
to-day they keep in stock anything known to the mineralogist and
demanded by the public. The consumption of gems is larger than
most people realize. Take one trade alone, for example. The watches
manufactured annually in the United States use from seven to twenty-
one jewels for each watch. The consumption annually amounts to over
five million ruby and sapphire watch-jewels, and over seven million
garnet jewels; while over 15,000 carats of bort diamonds are consumed
in cutting these jewels.

In looking for gems, the prospector should be provided with a few
specimens representing the scale of hardness, and have the means in
camp to determine the specific gravity. In this way he can separate
the positively worthless from the possibly valuable, even though he can
not fully identify the minerals.

3— M B

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

A large number of the many varieties of precious and semi-precious
stones and rare minerals are found in California, and systematic search
will increase the production until California takes high rank as a gem
State. In 1901, California produced quartz crystal to the value of
$17,500; tourmaline to the value of $20,000: and turquoise, over $20,000;
the lepidolite amounted to $27,500; gold quartz, etc., over $50,000;
mother-of-pearl and pearls, over $15,000; and souvenir material, proba-
ably over $20,000. The grand total amounted to nearly $175,000. In
1903 kunzite was produced to a value of $20,000; tourmaline, $20,000;
chrysoprase, $15,000; turquoise, $40,000.

Color. —The color of many gems is variable; the sapphire blue, the
ruby red both varieties of the one species of corundum. The garnet
is popularly supposed to be a blood-red or purplish-red stone, but it
varies through red of several shades to brown, black, green, yellow
and nearly white; the tourmaline, green, red, pink, yellow, white: tin-
topaz. yellow, white, and blue.

Diaphaneity. —The ability to transmit light affects materially both
the beauty and the value. A stone is transparent when the outline of
an object is clearly seen through it; subtransparent, when the object
may be seen, but the outline is indistinct: translucent, when light is
transmitted, but objects are not seen; subtranslucent, when merely
the edges are translucent; opaque, when no light is transmitted.

Luster. —Luster is the manner of reflecting light. It is described as
metallic luster, or the brilliant appearance of polished metal; adaman¬
tine, the luster of the diamond; vitreous, the luster of glass; resinous,
like the surface of pine resin; waxy, like beeswax; greasy, like a
freshly oiled surface; pearly, like mother-of-pearl: silky, having the
sheen of silk.

Refraction. —The apparent breaking of a spoon when immersed in a
tumbler of water is a familiar illustration of the bending back or refrac¬
tion of light. A line seen through Iceland spar appears double; diamond,
garnet, and all minerals crystallizing in the isometric system are single
refracting. All minerals belonging to other systems of crystallization,
like the ruby and topaz, are double refracting.

Dispersion. —When a rav of light passes through a prism of flint
glass, it gives the spectrum or rainbow band. Refracted rays of white
light may be decomposed into several rays differently colored. This
is called dispersion, and gives u fitie ’ 7 to gems, notably in diamonds and
zircons.

Pleochroism. —Double refracting minerals show a variation in color
by transmitted light, when viewed in different directions, due to the
differential absorption of the white light. Tourmaline, andalusite,
iolite, chrysobervl, and epidote are good examples.

GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

Fluorescence and Phosphorescence.— Some gems, when exposed to
a powerful light, or when heated, will emit light If this emission of
light lasts only as long as the exciting agent is applied, it is called
fluorescence; whereas, if the emission persists after the removal of the
cause, it is called phosphorescence.

Hardness. —The degree of resistance to abrasion. This property is
most essential to gems, if they are to receive and retain a high degree
of polish and stand long use. Hardness is not the same as toughness.
The diamond is very hard, hut not tough—in fact, it is very brittle,
easily broken by a blow.

Scale of Hardness.

1. T alc (lowest).

IL Orthoclase,

7 . Quart#.

8. Topaz.

a. Ooriindnm.

10. Diamond (highest).

2 . Gypsum.
8. Calci£t\

4, Fluorite.
Apatite.

Should the gem scratch {note: quartz will scratch feldspar) and be
scratched by any unit of the scale, the hardness of the two is the same;
should the gem scratch the one below, and be scratched by the one
above, its hardness lies between that of the two test units.

Specific Gravity. —This is the density of the gem, compared with
that of its own volume of distilled water at a temperature of 39° F.
Weigh in the air, then in water; divide the weight in the air by the loss
of weight in water, and the quotient is the specific gravity. For exam¬
ple. a gem weighs 4 grams in air, and only 3 when immersed in water;
tlion the loss of weight is 1, and 4 divided by 1 gives the specific gravity
of b The sped lie gravity test is one of the most definite means of
identifying a gem.

Electricity. —Some gems become electrified by friction, and as a result
attract or repel certain substances. This is especially noticeable in
topaz, totirmaline, and amber.

Fusion.— Some gems will melt easily before the blowpipe, as some
varieties of garnet, kunzile. etc.; while others are infusible, like quartz,
topaz, etc.

Cleavage.— The tendency to break in a direction parallel to certain
planes in the crystal, the resulting cleavage faces being smooth and
often very brilliant.

Fracture.— When the mineral is broken in any other direction than
that of the cleavage. The fracture may be conch oklal, uneven, or
irregular, resembling a shell, even when the surface, though not a plane,
approximates to one; or hackly,, when the elevations are jagged,

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

Form. —The external form of gem-minerals may be:

1. Crystallized , in solids bound by plane surfaces, according to the
following systems:

Isometric—cube, octahedron, dodecahedron;

Tetragonal—square prism, square octahedron;

Hexagonal—hexagonal prisms and pyramids, rhombohedrons;

Orthorhombic—right prism with rhombic base, rhombic octahedron;

Monoclinic—oblique prism with a rectangular base, and oblique octa¬
hedron;

Triclinic—doubly oblique prism, and doubly oblique octahedron or
pyramid.

2. Crystalline , when the mass appears to be made up of closely com¬
pacted minute crystals, which may be arranged as columnar, lamellar,
granular, globular, botrvoidal. reniform, dendritic, etc., in varieties too
numerous to be mentioned here.

3. Amorphous, showing neither external nor internal signs of crystal¬
lization and possessing no absolutely plane surfaces.

DIAMOND*

H. = 10. G.= 3.52. The hardest of all gems; the only combustible
one; the most highly refractive, surpassing all others in its “fire”;
crystallizing usually in octahedrons, or combinations of octahedron,
cube, dodecahedron, and tetrahedron, the faces being commonly curved.
Colors embrace nearly all of the prismatic hues; white, yellow, and
brown are the most numerous, blue, green, pink, and red stones are
rare. The perfectly white stones without a flaw, or those of decided
tints of red, rose, green, or blue, are most highly prized. Fine cinnamon,
salmon, brown, black, or yellow are much esteemed. They are sold
by the carat; the international carat weighs 205 milligrams, or 3.168 +
grains troy.

This stone is the purest, hardest, and most brilliant of all gems.

The occasional discovery of diamonds within the limits of the United
States, although at widely separated points, and rarely of valuable
quality or size, is yet a matter of very considerable interest.

The various points at which diamonds have been found may be
grouped into four areas or regions, as follows:

I. The Pacific coast—a number of localities in California, chiefly
along the western base of the Sierra Nevada; with these may perhaps be
included provisionally, a few occurrences in Oregon, Idaho, and
Montana.

2. The region of the great lakes—along an irregular line extending
from western Wisconsin, across Michigan and Indiana to the vicinity
of Cincinnati, Ohio—this line being essentially that of the terminal
moraine of the later ice-sheet of Quaternary geological time.

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

3. A few localities in central Kentucky and eastern Tennessee, the
relations of which are not entirely clear as to their geological connection.

1. The Atlantic coast—a number of points in. North Carolina, and a
few in Virginia, Georgia, and Alabama, lying in a general way along
the eastern base of the Appalachian Mountains, some quite among them
and others farther removed toward the east.

The occurrence of diamonds in California, both in the recent placet-
deposits and in the auriferous gravels of the ancient stream-beds now
covered by lava, has been known for many years, and a number of
localities are on record. No large diamonds have been found, at any
time; and now that almost all the gold mining is carried on by means
of stamp-mills, any that do occur are crushed into minute fragments,
which are not infrequently found in the sluices and batteries, and
furnish the evidence, and often all the evidence, of their continued
occurrence.

Many notices have from time to time appeared, both in local news¬
papers and in scientific journals, of the finding of diamonds in Cali¬
fornia. After making due allowance for errors and unfounded rumors,
their actual occurrence in certain localities is well established; hut their
number and size have not been such as to render the search for them
profitable. The fact of their presence is highly interesting, and some
of the specimens possess both elegance and value; but as a rule they
are small and rare. In almost all cases they occur embedded in the
auriferous gravels, and are thence washed out in the search for gold.
These gold-bearing gravels of California present two types: first, as
loose material in the valleys and bars of the modern streams; and,
second, as great accumulations of gravel occupying the valleys of
much larger ancient streams, and now covered with masses of lava or
compact volcanic tufa. The sides of the Sierra Nevada are trenched
with cross valleys running down into the great trough-like valley of ven¬
tral California, between tin* Sierra on the east and the Coast Range on
the west. Along this great depression, the drainage from the moun¬
tains on both sides finds its way to the sea through the Sacramento and
San Joaquin rivers, flowing respectively from the north and from the
south into the Bay <>f San Francisco, where a break in the Coast Range,
at the Golden Gate, allows a passage to the ocean. In the northern
part, of the State, where the streams from the Sierra run down to the
Sacramento, this remarkable system of “buried river gravels” is found.
In and before tin* Tertiary period of geology, these streams had worn val¬
ley- on the slopes of the Sierra, and made extensive deposits of gravel, by
the erosion of the mountain-sides. Then came a period, or a succes¬
sion, of volcanic disturbances and outflows, which made the great
“ lava beds” of northern California and Oregon. In many cases the
lava flowed down and filled up the river-beds from side to side, covering

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

the gravel deposits deeply, and often hardening and compacting them.
When it had cooled sufficiently for normal conditions to be at all
resumed, tlie drainage of the Sierra had to make its way by new lines.
These were usually along the edges of the old valleys, on the top of the
lava tilling, at its junction with the sides of the former valleys. In the
time that has since elapsed, these new valleys have been cut down
deeper than the previous ones, at the expense of the intervening old
divides; and the present condition is that the eastern affluents of the
Sacramento are separated frequently by spurs running out from the
Sierra, which consist at their top of the old gravels, more or less
compacted, with a heavy protecting cap of lava or tufa. These old
“ sub-lava v gravels are those worked by the hydraulic process, or when
consolidated into the so-called “cement” beds, by stamp-mills—all of
them being gold-bearing and in some cases diamond-bearing. The
surface gravels of the earlier prospecting and panning days arc of
course the work of the modern streams; they carry the placer gold, and
occasionally a few diamonds.

There are some points in these occurrences that recall, at first sight,
the diamond mines of Brazil and South Africa.

In Brazil the matrix is also a gravel, and is frequently cemented into
a conglomerate (“casealho”) by oxide of iron. In Africa the diamond
gravels contain associated minerals similar to those found in some of
the California placers, notably in those of Butte County, where zircons,
garnets, and rutile are met with. But these are not important rela¬
tions, and afford no ground for assuming either a similar richness of
yield or an identity of geological origin.

The earliest notice of a California diamond appeared very soon after
the discovery of gold. It was published in the American Journal of
Science, September, 1849 (II, vol. 8, p. 294), and relates how a clergy¬
man from New England, the Rev. Mr. Lyman, had been shown an
unmistakable diamond-crystal, of pale straw color, with convex faces,
about the size of a small pea. He only saw it briefly, and the circum¬
stances of its discovery, the exact locality, and what became of it are
not known. In 1853 the first diamond was obtained from the Cherokee
district, in Butte County, which lias since been one of the principal
localities. In 1854, Mr. Melville Attwood published an article in a
newspaper, pointing out certain resemblances between the California
deposits and the diamond gravels of Brazil, where he had long resided,
and advising that search be made and care exercised, in view of the
possible or probable occurrence of diamonds in the California gold-
washings. From that time on, diamonds have been found at many
points; though a far larger number of them have been lost or de¬
stroyed—either swept away by the violent current of the hydraulic
mining, and buried.in masses of debris, or crushed into fragments by

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

stamp-mills. In 18(57, Prof. Benjamin Silliman, Jr., exhibited several
diamonds before the California Academy of Sciences, including one
from the Cherokee district above noted, one from Fiddletown. near
Volcano, in Amador County, another from El Dorado County, and
still another from French Corral, Nevada County—most of them from
the hard u cement” beds underlying the lava-flows. At the same
meeting. Prof. J. D. Whitney enumerated some fifteen or twenty
localities in the State that had yielded diamonds, adding that the
largest stone he had seen was 7-j carats; most of them being quite small.

The total number of California diamonds must now be quite con¬
siderable. Mr. H. W. Turner, of Washington, D. C., has recently
summed up the facts in an article on “ The Occurrence and Origin of
Diamonds in California,” published in the American Geologist. Vol.
XXL1I, March, 1899, pp. 182-191. He quotes from Prof. J. I). Whitney,
and more recently from Mr. ITenry G. Hanks, formerly State Geolo¬
gist, who paid much attention to this subject, and gives a list of
localities compiled from these two authorities. This list includes six
counties, to which have since been added two others, Plumas and
Tulare. These counties are (in geographical order) as follows: Del
Norte, Trinity, Plumas, Butte, Nevada, El Dorado, Amador, and Tulare;
making eight in all. Of these, Del Norte and Trinity stand apart, in
the northwestern portion of the State, with streams flowing from the
Coast Range into the Pacific; they have yielded only minute diamonds,
in the sands of Smith River and Trinity River respectively. Tulare
County, belonging in the San Joaquin section of the great California
valley, is represented so far only by a single diamond, from Alpine
Creek. The other five are all in the region drained by the Sacramento,
as above described. El Dorado, Butte, and Amador have yielded the
greatest number, and Nevada the largest stone—that of 7:1 carats,
referred to by Professor Whitney—but only one or two others. Plumas
County has two localities, Gopher Hill and Up per Spanish Creek, where
a few small diamonds have been found in sands rich in heavy minerals,
as in Trinity and Del Norte. The other three counties above named
have furnished most of the diamonds of California. Amador contains
the Volcano district, whence a number have come, among them one
of the largest, a pale straw-colored crystal, weighing 255 milligrams
(1:} carats). Butte County includes the famous Cherokee district, where
sixty or more have been found; also Yankee Hill and Orovillc, each of
which has yielded several. El Dorado County has five or six localities
near Placerville. Mr. Turner quotes Mr. George W. Kimble, of that
place, as saying that most of the El Dorado specimens have come from
“a point a little south of Smith's Flat and White Rock Canon,” in
Neocene river-gravels; Webber Hill, in the same neighborhood, has also
yielded several. From their geographical position, it would seem that

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

similar diamond occurrences might be naturally expected in the
counties of Yuba, Sierra, and Placer.

Comparing the South African occurrence of diamonds, in a serpen-
tinous rock apparently derived from the alteration of a peridotite, Mr.
Turner notes the fact that on the maps of the gold-belt, prepared by the
U. S. Geological Survey, serpentine masses are indicated in the vicinity
of all the above-named localities; he also cites Mr. Kimble, of Placer-
ville, as stating that serpentine pebbles are frequent in the diamond¬
bearing gravels near that place, the rock itself outcropping four or five
miles to the east. Mr. Turner suggests the examination of the gulches
lying in these serpentine outcrops, as of interest and possible impor¬
tance. with reference to the source whence the diamonds have actually
come. This is as yet unknown; and though the African rock resembles
a peridotite, or its decomposed and serpentinized product, yet this is by
no means the only rock in which diamonds may occur. Those of Brazil,
according to Prof. 0. A. Derby’s recent studies, are from rocks that are
apparently metamorphic in origin, rather than igneous; and the whole
problem awaits the results of further study.

Taking up the actual discoveries somewhat more in detail, and dating
from the meeting of the California Academy of Sciences in 1867. before
referred to, when Prof. Benjamin Silliman, Jr., and Prof. J. D. Whitney
presented the subject fully, the principal facts are as follows, arranged
(1) by counties, and in these (2) in order of time.

Amador County. —Of the several diamonds exhibited by Professor
Silliman on the occasion mentioned,* one specimen, a little over 1 carat
(3.6 grains) in weight, was from Indian Gulch, near Fiddletown; and
four others from the same region were at that time known. Those
stones occurred in a compact volcanic ash or tufa, forming a gray
“cement-gravel.” At Volcano the rock is similar, and some sixty or
seventy diamonds have been reported thus far. This is one of the
places where the cement-rock is worked by stamping, and the tailings
show pulverized diamonds. The crushed gravel pays well in gold; and
it has not been thought desirable to change the present method and
break up the rock in other ways more costly and troublesome, in
order to save the diamonds that it may contain. In August. 1887, Mr.
Hanks exhibited before the San Francisco Microscopical Society a
beautiful stone of 1.57 carat (4.97 grains) weight, found at Volcano in
1882, belonging to J. Z. Davis, a member of the society, and now in
the museum of the State Mining Bureau. It is a modified octahedron,
about 5 3 7i inch in diameter, transparent and nearly colorless, though
slightly flawed. The curvature of the faces gives the crystal a sub-
spherical form, but the edges of the pyramids are channels instead of
planes. Closer examination shows that the channeled edges, the convex

*Proe. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. 111, p. &">4.

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

faces, and the solid angles are caused by an apparently secondary
building up of the faces of a perfect octahedron; and for the same
reason the girdle is not a perfect square, but has a somewhat circular
form. These observations were well shown by enlarged drawings.
The faces seem to be composed of thin plates overlying each other,
each slightly smaller than the last. These plates are triangular, but
the lines forming the triangles are curved, and the edges of the plates
are beveled. Mr. Hanks remarked that under the microscope and by
drawings exhibited it could be seen that each triangular plate was
composed of three smaller triangles and that all the lines were slightly
curved. The building up of plate upon plate caused the channeled
edges and the somewhat globular form of this exquisite crystal. A
close examination revealed tetrahedral impressions, as if the corners of
minute cubes had been imprinted on the surface of the crystal while in

ILL. No. 7. Diamond, natural ILL. No. S. Rough diamond,

crystal, found at 'Volcano, found in Spring Valley

Amador County. Hydraulic Mine, Cherokee

Flat, Butte County,

a plastic state. These are the result of the law of crystallization, as
was shown by the faint lines forming a lace-work of tiny triangles on
the faces when the stone was placed in a proper light. Mr. Hanks
concluded with the remark that it would be an act of vandalism to cut
this beautiful crystal, which is doubly a gem, and he protested against
its being destroyed by contact with the lapidary’s wheel. Four small
octahedral crystals taken from stamps at the Volcano locality were
shown in the Tiffany collection of American precious stones at the
Paris Exposition of 1S89, and are now in the Tiffany-Morgan collection,
at the American Museum of Natural History, New York City.

Butte County. The Cherokee district, in this county, has been,
from as early a date as 1853, one of the most prolific diamond local¬
ities in the State. Cherokee is near the North Fork of Feather River,
and the geological relations of the diamonds and gold are essentially
the same as those in Amador County, a hundred miles to the south-

GEMS, JEWELERS 9 MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

east, both districts lying among the western foothills of the Sierra, as
previously described. Mr. Hanks called attention to included leaf
impressions in the volcanic beds, as proving them to be tufas and not
lavas. In number, the Cherokee diamonds obtained are about equal
to those from Volcano. One was shown by Professor Silliman, on the
occasion already mentioned, in 1867; and others were then known
from that locality. William Brandreth obtained a crystal in the same
year, which he afterwards had cut into a line white stone of ly\
carats. In 1878 several were obtained from the ground of the Spring
Valley and Cherokee Mining Company, in cleaning up the sluices.
One of these was described as large and straw-colored, while others
were smaller, but very pure. Various stones, white, yellow, and pink,
have from time to time been reported, and some have been cut and set.
A line crystal was presented to the State Museum by Mr. Williams,
superintendent of the Spring Valley Mining Company. Two others,
found at the same place in the summer of 1881, by Lucinda Voight,
were shown by the present writer before the New York Academy of
Sciences, January 12, 1886. Mr. H. S. Durden, of the California State
Mining Bureau, reports that two small diamonds were obtained at
Cherokee in 1892 and 1893, one of them weighing two carats.

Professor Silliman made the concentrations from the sluices of these
Cherokee mines the subject of minute investigation, the results of which
were published in two papers.* In the lirst he described Ids treatment
of the material, both chemical and mechanical; and in the second be
gives additional particulars, with results. He found here the following
association of interesting minerals:—light-colored zircons, crystals of
topaz, fragments of quartz, rutile, epidote, pyrite, and limonite, with
some platinum, iridium, iridosmine, and gold, and a large quantity of
black grains, which are proved by the magnet to consist about equally
of chromite and titanite. At first he could find but little of the platinum
and iridosmine, but this was due, as above stated, to the force of the
hydraulic streams, which sweep away all small particles that do not
amalgamate.

Mr. Hanks adds that platinum minerals have been found rather
abundantly in Butte County. At St. Clair Flat, near Pentz, they wore
found in quantity in the early days of placer-mining. They are found
also at the Corbier mine, near Magalia (Dogtown). As far back as
1861 a diamond was found one and a half miles northwest of Yankee
Hill, in cleaning up a placer mine. It was taken from the sluice with
the gold, and sold to X. II. Wells, to whom 1 am indebted for thi> infor¬
mation. He presented the gem to John Bidwell of Chico, who had it
cut in Boston. It made a stone of IT carats (4.75 grains). Mr. Bidwell

*See tnineralogical notes on Utah, California, and Nevada, in the Eng. A Min. .lour.
Vol. XVII, p. 148, March 11, 1873: and Am. J. Sci. (3), Vol. VI. p. 127, August, 1873.

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA*

gave it to his wife, who for years wore it in a ring* This was the only
diamond found at this locality.

In 1895 Mr. Dwight Whiting reported the finding of five small
diamonds near Oroville, on Feather River, and as many more about
four miles from the head of the creek t suggesting a peridotite origin.

El Dorado County* —Here a number of diamonds have been found
at certain points. In 1867 Professor Silliman, at the meeting of the
California Academy of Sciences, before mentioned, showed a crystal of
1 i carats (4*75 grains), of good color, though a little defective, from
Forest Hill. It was found at great depth, in a tunnel run into the
auriferous gravel. \V, i\ Carpenter, of Plaeerville, gave the following
account of the locality in a letter to Mr. Hanks, in 1882: ’In 1871,
W. A. Goodyear* Assistant State Geologist, while examining the deposits
of auriferous gravels in the ancient river-bed, about three miles east of
Plaeerville, found several specimens of itacolumite, and expressed the
opinion that diamonds should be found in the gravels, i assisted him
in searching for them, and we found several in the hands of the miners*
Mr. Goodyear bought one of them as a geological specimen. None of
the parties who had them knew what they were, but kept them as curi¬
osities. The gravel in the channel is capped with lava from 50 to 450
feet in depth. ()f late years the gravel is worked by stamp gravel mills,
and I know of instances where fragments of broken diamonds have been
found in panning out the batteries,*'

He goes on to give the particulars of about fifteen diamonds obtained
at different times in the neighborhood, some yellow and some white.
One of these was a nearly spherical crystal, over one fourth of an inch
in diameter, that was sold in San Francisco for $300, and another was
sent to England to be cut. Subsequently in 1894, Mr. Carpenter
announced that he had lately obtained two crystals, one weighing over
7 grains troy and the other 6* of rounded form and rough surface, each
nearly one fourth of an inch in diameter and faintly tinted, the larger
with a greenish shade and the smaller with pale yellowish. As many
as forty or fifty small diamonds have been taken from the gravel at
this place from time to time in the past, but since stamp-mills have been
employed little is found but the crushed fragments encountered in
“panning up" the amalgam taken from the batteries. Mr. Carpenter
proposed to work his section of the channel by other means, to avoid
the possible loss of diamonds of more value than the gold. The occur¬
rence here is described as similar to that of most California diamonds—
in the hard compacted gold-bearing gravel occupying ancient river
channels now filled and overlain by igneous rocks**

In the recently published article of Mr* II* \\\ Turner, + elsewhere

* Sixteen til Ann. Kept. U. s. Geol* Survey (ISM), Part IV. p*

tThe;Occurrence ami Origin of Diamonds in California; by ft. W. Turner. Anu*r.
Geologist, Vol. XXtil, March, 1809, pp. 183, 1H4,

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

referred to, a letter from George W. Kimble, of Placerville, is quoted in
regard to the diamonds of that vicinity. He states that two more had
been found on the property of Thomas Ward & Co., on the south side
of White Rock Canon, where the stream cuts through beds of Neocene
Tertiary, and nine others in the immediate vicinity, chiefly from the
Unity mine, adjacent to that of the Ward Company; but no particulars
are given as to their size or quality. Besides these, Mr. Kimble reports
a great many fragments of crushed diamonds in the concentrates from
the gravel mills. Later, 1898, he mentions having examined a diamond
found within the limits of the town of Placerville, in Cedar Ravine, a
tributary of Hangtown Creek. The name of Diamond has been given to
a small railroad station a few miles south of Placerville.

Nevada County. —Professor Silliman also showed to the California
Academy of Sciences a very clear and symmetrical crystal from French
Corral, Nevada County. It was thrown out of the cement-rock of deep
gold washings, as usual, and weighed If carats (5.11 grains). The
color was slightly yellowish; but this was perhaps due to its having been
exposed to a red heat, as a test of its authenticity. Prof. Joseph I).
Whitney, of Harvard College, stated, at the same meeting, that diamonds
had been found in some fifteen or twenty localities in the State, and
that the largest that he had seen was also from French Corral and
weighed 7^ carats.

In the northwestern counties of California, drained by the Trinity
River, in the vicinity of Coos Bay, in Oregon, and on the banks of
Smith River, Del Norte County, diamonds are occasionally found in the
flumes and sluices. Some small ones are reported from Trinity County;
and their mode of occurrence, similar to that of the diamonds of
Cherokee district and of Oregon, is described in a letter to Dr. Charles
F. Chandler, of the Columbia College School of Mines, from Prof. Frederick
Wohler, of Gottingen. He mentions having observed in the grains of
native platinum from the sands of the Trinity River, Oregon, minute
transparent zircons associated with laurite (sulphide of ruthenium and
osmium), iridosmine, chromic iron, etc., and microscopic rounded crys¬
tals which he supposed were diamonds. In a subsequent communica¬
tion, dated Gottingen, August 8, 1869, Professor Wohler continues:
“On examination under the microscope, the mineral powder which had
been freed from platinum, gold, chromic iron (in part), silica, iron and
tin, and from which the ruthenium, etc., had been removed bv aqua
regia, besides many grains of chromic iron and beautiful hyacinth crys¬
tals, colorless and transparent grains resembling quartz were observed,
but besides these, grains resembling rounded diamond crystals were
detected.” He then describes in full his methods of testing these grains,
nnd expresses his conviction that they were true diamonds.

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

45 „

CORUNDUM.

Ruby* Sapphire*

H.=9. G. = 3,9-4.1. Luster, adamantine to vitreous. Colors
include nearly all of the prismatic hues to colorless. Dichroic. Occa¬
sionally phosphorescent.

Oxide of aluminum = A UQa-

The transparent corundums rank among the most valuable of gem
stones, and include two standard varieties, the ruby and the sapphire.

Rubies are the red-colored corundums; also called Oriental Rvhy,
They vary in hue from a rose to a deep carmine, the choicest shade
being called u pigeon’s blood ?J red.

Sapphire in general includes all colors except red. Accurately speak¬
ing, the name is limited to the blue colors, the choicest shades being
known as royal blue, velvet blue, and cornflower blue. Oriental
Emerald is the green variety, ranging from a lively green to a bluish
green. Oriental Aviethyst is the purple or amethystine . These two are
rare. Oriental Topaz is yellow sapphire, rivaling the yellow diamond
in brilliancy. Oriental Hyacinth is honey red in tint. Adamantine
Spar includes the hair-brown varieties. Star Sapphire has a stellated
opalescence, as has the Star Ruby, which is also known ns the A&tf ria
or Star-stone.

The true ruby and sapphire are easily recognized by their hardness,
as they can be scratched only by the diamond, but scratch all other
stones. They are also electrified by friction.

Corundum is associated with dolomite, gneiss, granite, mica, and
chlorite slate. The gems are usually obtained from placer workings.

Los Angeles County.— True sapphires have been found in the drift in
San Francis quite Pass.

Plumas County is traversed at many points by large dikes of felsite
and felsite porphyry. This rock was first found by J. A. Edman and
named plumasite by Lawson. At a point near the western base of the
serpentines, a large “piped* of felsite outcrops, and in the soil near it
are found fragments of feldspar containing corundum crystals, while
between the serpentine and the felsite dike is a four-foot layer of the
feldspar containing a few corundum crystals, small veins or strings of
eorundlim ramifying into the feldspathlc mass. The largest crystal was
two inches long by one inch wide, and of a bluish-gray color. (S. M. R.
18357.) No gem material has yet been found.

San Bernardino County.— At the east end of the Kingston range,

San Diego County. —Mr. W. H. Trenchard reports corundum, in
opaque gray crystals, at a point some 26 miles east of San Diego, but
in small amount and undeveloped.

.46

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

TOPAZ.

IL=—8, (L=3.4-8.6. Brittle. Has very perfect cleavage (basal)
transverse to the elongation of the crystals. Luster vitreous. Color
various shades, yellow to brown, and pale green or blue, but often
colorless or with a faint tinge of bluish green. Silica, 33.3; alumina,
56.5; fluorine, 17.6. *

Usually occurs in rhombic prisms, the crystals more or less pointed.
The color of some yellow topazes fades on exposure to sunlight, while
others—especially those from Brazil change their yellow color to pink
on heating.

Sax Diego County. —Beautiful topazes have lately been found near

Ramona, Some of the
crystals are colorless,
others are bluish or
greenish. 1; 1 any a re q ui te
large and are covered
wit! i numerous sin all
etch-figpres. Some crys¬
tals found were over two
i iiches 1 ong and oii e inoli
wide.

The mines that have
yielded this very inter¬
esting addition to the
gem-minerals of Califor¬
nia are chiefly those
known as the Surprise
and the Little Three,
adjacent to each other,
about 44 miles northeast
of Ramona. The topaz
occurs in a pegmatite
ledge, of the kind else¬
where described as characteristic of this region, but not in all parts of
it, being met with only in certain portions of the vein or dike. At the
Little Three mine they occur in pockets in albite and orthoclase with
quartz crystals; they are attached to the feldspar, and surrounded with
a red soil that tills the pockets. Associated with them are dark-
green tourmaline crystals, sometimes very large. The topazes are
white, light yellow, sea-green, and sky-blue, and some crystals are over a
pound in weight.

At the Surprise mine, in the same way, topaz is found only in one
part of the workings, and its occurrence is described as quite similar.

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA,

In the central part of the pegmatite vein ? between the crystallised
upper portion and the more compact portion below, lies a zone of small
pockets in feldspar (in this case orthoclase), somewhat decomposed.
In these are found the topaz crystals, in a sandy filling of granular
ferruginous quartz* Those near the surface were colorless or white, but
at a depth of 6 feet they were sky-blue and aquamarine-blue. Some
50 pounds of them have been taken from a cut 20 feet long and 8 feet
deep*

Illustrations Nos. 9 and 10 show crystals of natural size, some of
them surrounded with the finely crystallized albite, from Ramona.

ILL. Xu. 10, TOPAZ CRYSTALS (NATURAL SIZE) OX CRYSTALLIZED A L RITE, RAMONA,

SAN DIEGO COUNTY.

SPINEL,

Spinel is a compound of alumina and magnesia, often with some
iron, or other metallic oxides in small quantities. It has a hardness of
8, and when transparent makes a valuable gem-stone, usually of rich
shades of red, and is then called spinel ruby, or ruby spinel. It has
not been found much in California, hut some crystals of good quality,
yielding gems weighing up to two carats each, were obtained near San
Luis Obispo, by Mr. James W. Beath, of Philadelphia, Pa* In the
collection of the State Mining Bureau there are also crystals of wine-
colored ruby spinel up to 8 millimeters in diameter, from Humboldt

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

County. Crystals of blue spinel, of about the same size, clear and of
good color, have lately been obtained sparingly from the Mack mine
near Rincon, San Diego County.

BERYL.

Emerald, Aquamarine, Goshenite, etc*

H. — 7.5-8, scratching quartz, but scratched by spinel or topaz.
G. = 2.7. Brittle. Luster vitreous. Colors, emerald green to pale
green, pale blue, pale yellow, honey, wine, and citron yellow, white to
a pale rose-red. Silica, 67.0; alumina, 19.0; glucina, 14.0. The crystals
are usually hexagonal prisms, occasionally very large, but those of fine
quality or transparency are apt to be small. They are electrified by
friction.

The emerald and aquamarine are mineralogically included in the
species beryl; the differences being mainly in color, as follows: Ewe mid
includes the rich green kinds only, and is a highly prized gem when
free from flaws; Aquamarine includes the beryls showing clear shades
of sky-blue and sea-green; Goshenite , white or colorless; Davidsonife ,
greenish yellow; Aeroules, pale sky-blue; Hyacinthozontes , clear sapphire
blue; Amcthiste Basalt hie, pale violet or reddish; Chrysolithvs , pale
yellowish green; Golden Beryl , clear bright yellow; Chrysoberyllus ,
greenish yellow to wine-vcllow. Occasionally, beryl occurs of a delicate
pink color.

A number of localities for beryl are known in California, some yield¬
ing gem material. The pink or rose beryl, hitherto one of the rarest
varieties of this species, has within a year or two past been found at
several points in the remarkable mineral region of San Diego and River¬
side counties, sometimes of transparent gem quality, and in a few cases
of large size, as noted further on. With it, and also separately, are
found beryls of other kinds -green, yellow, and colorless. At the Mack
mine at Rincon, San Diego County, near Oak Grove, are also reported
peculiar beryls of a deep opaque blue.

It is interesting to note that this pink or rose beryl occurs with the
pink and lilac spodiimene at several California mines, while the beryls
are rich green when associated with emerald-green spodumene (hid-
denite) at the remarkable locality at Stony Point, Alexander County.
North Carolina, and even the muscovite associated with them has some¬
times a green color. That is, the beryls occur there in the form of
emeralds, the spodumene in the form of hiddenite, and the muscovite
mica in a beautiful green tint, evidently all due to some chromium col¬
oring. This latter (muscovite) is unusually interesting when embedded
in transparent quartz, and one can see through the sides of the prisms.

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC,, OP CALIFORNIA.

In contrast to this, at several localities in southern California the beryls
are pink in color, the rubellites dee}) pink, the spodumene (variety
kunzite) lilac, and the lepidolite also of pink and lilac tints.

The most important beryl occurrences in California are the fol¬
lowing:

Riverside County. Associated with the tourmalines from Coalmila
have recently been found yellow beryls, closely resembling those from
Sarapulka in the Ural Mountains, also pale green, pink, and colorless.
Some of the yellow crystals are finely formed and others show remark¬
able instances of etched faces, while others are almost as delicate as a
darning-needle.

San Diego County. -The notable locality of colored tourmalines and
other lithia minerals, the Himalaya mine, at Mesa Grande, has yielded a
most unusual specimen of pink beryl—a transparent rose-colored mass,
measuring 65 by 50 millimeters. It is evidently an etched fragment of
a very large crystal, showing planes with markings and erosions all
over its surface. Its color varies by transmitted light from a delicate
rose to a deep rich pink. This beautiful specimen is nowin the Tiffanv-
Morgan collection in the American Museum of Natural History in
New York City. Another somewhat similar rose beryl has lately been
obtained from Mount Palomar near Oak Grove. This crystal measures
11 cm. by 74 cm. by 04 cm., and weighs almost 2 pounds. It is
perfectly transparent and of a beautiful pale-rose color. It is now in
the United States National Museum.

From Pala, in the same county, occurring with tourmalines and
kunzites, was obtained a large detached rose beryl measuring 10 cm.
by 5 cm. This crystal was of a pale pink color, and transparent.

Other localities of pink beryl, lately reported, are as follows:—

The Esmeralda mine, at Mesa Grande, together with golden beryl
and aquamarine; both pink and green at the Crystal gem mine, near
Jacumba; and particularly in some of the mines near Ramona. Here,
the Surprise mine reports two pounds of large and fine crystals; and
the A 1» C mine several pounds, from which many choice gems have
been cut in San Diego, one of them a flawless stone of 30 carats, rose-
leaf pink in color. Beryls of more ordinary tints, of various shades
of green, are reported from a number of the mines of San Diego and
Riverside counties, sometimes of choice quality, especially the Fano
mine in the latter county, the Hercules and Lookout mines at Ramona,
and the Mack mine at Mount Palomar, in the former.

From near Ramona have also come some very curiously etched
crystals; some of three inches long and an inch across, colorless and
transparent as the finest rock-crystal, and covered all over the pris¬
matic and basal planes with the most complicated etching; these are
4— MB

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA.

hollow wit Inn, and made up of interlocking plates, as it were, exceed¬
ingly clear and brilliant. Pint beryls have also been found here.

The mine owned by J. M. Mack, of San Diego, is situated in Sec. 25,
T. 10 S.. B. 1 Mb, S. B. M., on the foothills of Palomar Mountain, 9
miles southeast of Bala, on a direct line between that place and Mesa
Grande, Beryls are found here of various colors yellow , green, etc.,
to deep blue—with columbite. and much crystallized quartz and feld¬
spar, also black tourmalines, but none of the colored varieties ho
marked at Mesa Grande and Bala, Some of the beryl crystals are
very small and slender, but extremely perfect and brilliant; others
were singularly eroded, as though acted upon by some solvent; others
were like certain beryls from Haddam Neck* Conn., with part of the
crystal transparent and the rest cloudy or milky, curiously resembling
a test-tube in which a white precipitate is subsiding from a clear green
licjuidj the line of demarcation being quite sharp. The beryls here
are found in pockets in a pegmatite rock, like all the gem-minerals of
this region, usually embedded in a red clay. Many fine gems have
been cut from the clear crystals, and the clouded ones have been cut
rti cffhorhotij and have a pleasing catVeye effect.

GARNET.

Grossularite* Pyrope* Almandite, Spessartite, Andradite, Ouvarovite, etc*

The species garnet- includes several varieties which arc distinguished
by differences in composition. The group in general has

H. — 6.5. 1 i. — 1.15—4.3, The majority of specimens will scratch

quartz slightly. They are complex silicates o! alumina, lime, magnesia,
chrome, iron, manganese, or titanium, grouped as follows :

I. Aluminum garnets; Grossularite = Lime-Aluminum garnet;
By rope- Magne#tm-Aluminum garnet; Almandite Iron-Aluminum
garnet; Spessanite^ Manganese-Aluminum garnet,

2. Iron garnet: Andradite Lime-Iron garnet.

o. Chromium garnet - Lime-Chrome garnet.

1. has a hardness of 7. and G.= 3.55-3.6(5. Color white,

pale green, amber, honey, wine and brownish yellow, cinnamon-brown,
and pale rose-red. The varieties of grossularite are essonite, or hyacinth,
and cinnamon stone. The essonite is the only true hyacinth of the
jeweler, and has been confused by some with zircon. In the trade the
name grossularite is confined to the pale-green or yellow stones) and
cinnamon stone to the cinnamon-brown color. Romanzorife is brown;
Wilnite is yellowish green to greenish white; Topazolite is topaz to citron
yellow: and Surrimte is an amber-colored kind of grossularite. A pink
variety called Rn&olite occurs in Mexico.

GEMS, JEWELERS , MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

Pyrope (meaning “fire-like ■’) is the principal magnesian garnet, a
<loe}> bloocl-red to nearly black stone, prized as a gem. II.= 7.5.
G.~ 3.7-3.8. It is known as the precious garnet.

Aim* in/lit e . II. 7.5. G.= 3.0-4.2. Iron-aluminum garnets prized as
gems are also called precious garnet, like pyrope. Color cherry-
red, blood-red to deep reds. Almandite is often called Carbuncle when
of a deep clear red. scarlet or crimson. The true carbuncle is a
variety of sapphire.

The variety Rhodolite lias a color between violet purple and brownish
red, and belongs between almandite and pyrope.

Sj,c.<s(irtite is a manganese-aluminum garnet. H.= 7. G.= 4.0. The
color varies from a reddish brown, or dark hyacinth red. and even
violet, to orange red. It often affords line gems.

2. Andradit*. or lime-iron garnet. If.= 7.5. G.= 3.8-3.9. The group
includes varieties that differ widely in composition and color. The
trade name Andradite is limited to the yellow or orange-brown variety.
Dr man fold or Ural.inv Emerald is a grass-green, emerald-green, or
brownish-green stone having a brilliant luster, and showing good lire
when cut. CnlnphoMtr is a brownish-black variety, characterized by a
resinous luster. MeJ anile is black to yellow-brown.

3. <hietirorite, or Urnrovite. lime-chrome garnet. II.= 7.5. G. = 3.41-
3.52. The color is a fine emerald green.

Tmnhrimte is an impure uvarovite from Monterey County, described
bv E. Goldsmith in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 18(>5, pp. 9. 348, 3t>5.

Sehnrlomite has a composition analogous to garnet. H.= 7 7.5.
G.-> 3.si 3.88. Color black, sometimes mixed with blue.

In the trade but little attention is paid to mineral differences, but the
garnets are often classified by color, the light-colored clear ones being
called hijarinth: the yellowish, jarinta: a yellowish-red, gmirnaerine or
remit die: the red with a tinge of violet, ruin'no dr rocca or grenat nriam;
and the deep clear red, carbuncle , especially when cut en cabochon.

The almandite is common in granite, gneiss, and mica schist; gros-
suInrite is frequent in limestones and crystalline schists; pyrope in
peridotites,serpentines, and basalts; spessartite in granite rocks,quartzite,
schists, and rhyolites; iron garnets in eruptive rocks; demantoid in
serpentine; chrome garnets with chromite in serpentines and in
granular limestones.

Calaveras County. —Almandite, from Bald Point, Mokelumne River.
8. M. B. 11857.

El Dorado County. —Grossularite in copper ore, Rodgers mine, in the
ea>tern part of the county; associated with specular iron, ealcitc, and

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS* ETC-, OF CALIFORNIA.

iron and copper pyrites. Garnet rock is found in blocks several feet
thick near Pilot Hill. 8. M. Ik 18987.

Fre&no County-— In ealeite at 8an Ramon. 8. M. B. 9888; in fold'
spathic rock at Grub Gulch, 8. M. B. 7087: with epidote on quiets!,
at Fresno Flats, S. M. B. 7317.

Ik vo County. —Garnets are found in the Coosa district in large, semi-
crystalline masses, of a light yellow color. Grossularite with datolite
occurs at San Carlos, S. M. B. 2190. Cinnamon-stone is also found at
San Carlos,

Kern County, —Garnet sands are abundant at the Soapstone Moun¬
tain and in the Mojave Desert. 8. M. B. 28S2.

Marin County. —Garnets in mica schists, Reed's ranch. 8. M D.
6562 and 12833.

Mariposa County. —Almandite at Mount Hoffman. 8. M. B. 12007.

Monterey County. — Trautwinite, locality not given. Pyrope in
granite, from Nad mien to River. 8, M. B. 18726.

Plumas County. —The late Dr. Isaac Lea, of Philadelphia, whose
great collection of precious stones is now in the U. 8. National Museum
at Washington, had some transparent crystals of a dark oily green
grossularite from 1 to 5 millimeters long, that were found at the Good
Hope mine.

Riverside County,— Essonite garnet in handsome crystals has hecn
found at some of the tourmaline localities near Coahuila, as noted below.

Shasta County. —Ouvarovite, from Shotgun Creek. 8, M. K 11729.

Sonoma County. —Grossularite in copper ore near Petaluma*

San Bernardino County. —Garnets are common in the placer sands
of the desert. Grossularite, 8, M. B. 6614.

San Diego County. —Alinandite occurs in mica schist, at San Mar¬
garita ranch. 8. M. B, 12233-

Essonite and succinite appear at a number of localities in deposits
spread over a considerable territory from 9 to 10 miles northeast of
Jacumba Hot Springs, usually associated with granite and granular
limestone. At three of the places some gem material has been found*
Associated with it is a little vesuvianite and crystallized quartz. Eleven
localities in this region are noted by Mr. W. H* Trenchard, of 8an Diego*
Essonite has also been found near San Vicente, El Cajon Mountains, but
the crystals were full of imperfections. The finest essonite crystals arc
obtained at Ramona, implanted on feldspar, and associated with green
tourmaline, white topaz, and beryl, occasionally in perfect dodeca¬
hedrons and trapezohedrons, of rich honey-yellow to orange-red color.

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

and very brilliant. They have also been discovered at Warners Ranch,
Mesa Grande, Santa Ysabel, Gravilla, and Julian, San Diego County;
Deer Park, Placer County; Laguna Mountains and Jacumba, and also
at several places below the Mexican line. As some of the crystals were
of exceptional brilliancy, it is possible that on further development
many tine gems will be obtained. This essonite garnet has been con¬
founded with spessartite, and frequently reported as such, but it is really
the former species in most, if not all, cases in this region. Among
the mines in the Ramona district yielding specimens of very fine
quality are the Hercules, Lookout, Surprise, and Prospect, from some of
which beautiful gems have been cut, ranging up to 6 or 8 carats; also
excellent quality near Jacumba, and of less size and beauty at many
places. Deep red garnets, 6 to 10 millimeters in diameter, also occur in
tbi> region. Larger ones, up to as much as 30 millimeters, occur near
Ooahuila, Riverside County, in trapezohedral crystals of remarkable
beauty.

Santa Clara County.— A cinnamon-stone from this county, analyzed
by J. L. Smith, gave silica, 42.01; alumina, 17.70; ferric oxide, 5.06;
manganous oxide, 0.20; lime, 35.01; magnesia, 0.13. G.= 3.59.

Trinity County. Richly colored ouvarovite was discovered in 1899
bv Mr. George L. Carr and others, at Carrville. It occurs in small
dodecahedral crystals from 1 to 3 millimeters in diameter, of the richest
deep green, coating seams or cavities in chromic iron. These were at
first thought to be emeralds, until analysis proved their real character.

Tulare County. Several varieties of garnets occur in this county, at
various points. These have been principally reported by Mr. Max
liraverman, who searched and explored for minerals in this region with
indefatigable activity, and whose collection, generously presented by
him in 1901 to the Golden Gate Museum, remains as a worthy record
of his many years of labor and enthusiasm. He lias reported essonite
at Three Rivers, pyrope on Rattlesnake Creek, and topazolite from near
the chrvsoprase locality, 12 miles northeast of Visalia. In 1900 many
fine groups of crystals were taken out at this locality. Almandite
was reported as abundant between North and Middle Tide rivers, by
Mr. L. B. Hawkins. Two specimens of topazolite, with malachite and
azurite, were exhibited by Tiffany A Co. at the Paris Exposition of
1SS9, that came from this county. A curious white mineral, associated
with the massive green vesuvianite (californite), was obtained by Mr.
Braverman in 1902, from a point in this county near the Fresno county
line, not far from Selma, a mile and a half from Hawkins schoolhouse.
This proved, on analysis hv Mr. George Steiger, of the U. S. Geological

GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

Survey, to be a massive variety of grossularite garnet -a peculiar and
unusual form. The analysis is as follows:*

SiO,... . . 38.59

U 3 0 22.24

0.45

FeO. ii.;*;

MgO.. o.i*4

CaO. 35.07

MnO

II,<) <below H'«» 3 C.i - 0.31

11 j) (above 100° C.).- _ U.»

i'i>, _ . . _ 0.30

_ 0.17

100.02

Ventura County. —Garnet sands are abundant in the Pirn district.
S. M. B. 2365.

Garnets are abundant in all the counties where the gravels arc worked
for gold, and are generally called “rubies” by the miners.

TOURMALINE.

Rubellite. Indicolite. Achroite. Aphrizite.

II. = 7-7.5. G.= 3.0-3.2. Brittle. Luster vitreous. Color black,
brown, blue, green, red, colorless. Some specimens are red internally
and green externally; others red at one end and green, blue, or black at
the other.

The red or pink transparent varieties are called Rvbelliie; if violet-
red, Siberite; Indicolite is blue or bluish black; Brazilian Sapphire is
Berlin blue; Brazilian Emerald, Chrysolite of Brazil, green and trans¬
parent; Peridot of Ceylon is honey-yellow. Achroite is the name given
to colorless tourmalines. Aphrizite is black, with a resinous fracture.
Dravite is brown, greenish black.

A complex silicate of alumina, boron, magnesia, iron, and alkalies
(soda, potash, lithia), with small amounts of water and fluorine.

Among the most interesting and beautiful of gem-minerals arc the
highly colored varieties of tourmaline. It is only recently that they
have come to be much known or used in jewelry, though pink (slum)
tourmaline has long been greatly and almost superstitiously prized in
China. The ordinary tourmalines are black or brown, but some varie¬
ties are pink, red, green, and dark blue, and these when transparent
make elegant gems. Rarely, they are quite colorless (achroite). Tour¬
malines are remarkable also for certain optical properties which render
them incapable of being successfully imitated, and for the fact that the
same crystal will often show two or more richly contrasting colors in
different parts.

* U. S. Census Kept. 1900, Precious Stones, by G. F. Kunz. p. 1050.

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

California 1ms lately been found to possess the most remarkable mines
of these gem-tourmalines in the world. Heretofore they have come
chiefly from Brazil, and also from Oxford County, Maine, and Haddam
Neck, Conn. Now. however, there are several points in San Diego and
Riverside counties that are yielding splendid material.

The first recognition of these minerals in the State apparently goes
back as far as 1872. when Mr. Henry Hamilton, in June of that year,
obtained some very fine and handsome colored tourmalines on the south¬
east slope of Thomas Mountain, in Riverside County.

The first discovery in San Diego County is thought to have been made
about twenty-five years ago, when some Indian children, at play in a
camp near what is now Mesa Grande postoliice, picked up an oddly
shaped stone, six-sided like a quartz crystal, about three inches long
and a little thicker than a common lead-pencil. On cleaning it off and
rubbing it with a bit of hide, it was seen to be of a beautiful blue color,
bright and partially clear, almost like a sapphire. The natives had no
idea of its nature, but were attracted by its beauty and singularity.
Subsequently, other highly colored stones of like character some blue,
others green, others red -were picked up in the same vicinity by Indians
and cowboys, but no one realized that they had any actual value.

In Bala, San Diego County, Mr. William Irelan, Jr., State Mineralogist,
reported that fine transparent crystals of rubellite (red tourmaline),
though not of gem quality, had been found.

The first important development at Pala was announced by Mr. C. R.
Orcutt, in 1890.* Here a ledge of lepidolite (lithia mica) containing
rubellite was traced for quite a distance. The rubellite crystals are
clustered in radiating groups in the fine compact mica; they are not large
and not clear, and hence are not suitable for cutting; but their color is a
rich rose-red,and they make elegant specimens, on the background of lilac
lepidolite. These have gone into collections and museums all over the
world, and the material has been mined bv tons, partly for specimens
and partly for extracting lithia compounds from the lepidolite. More
recently, amblygonitc (alumina-lithia phosphate) has been found at
this mine in large quantities, and this is now the greatest lithia mine
in the world.

The rubellite crystals found here are entirely embedded in lepidolite,
and until recently it was found impossible to remove them to show their
complete form. They were, however, often polished with the lepidolite
the rubellite appearing as pink radiations in a darker gangue of lilac-
colored lepidolite. Recently, however, the crystals of rubellite have
been worked out, as it were—made to stand out by removing the
lepidolite matrix by means of brushes and cleaning-tools—forming most
beautiful groups of crystals.

* Report on the minerals <»f the Colorado Insert; 10th Ann. Kept. State Mineralogist
of California, 1890. Min. lies. U. s. (Kept. V. S. Geol. Survey), 1898, pp. 17, 1H (reprint).

GEMS, JEWELERS’ MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

5 ()

In regard to the early history of this locality, Mr. F. M. Sickler, who
grew up in the vicinity and has explored for mines and minerals there¬
about a great deal, relates the following curious and somewhat romantic
circumstances, in an article in the Kansas City “ Jeweler and Optician,”
of May, 1904. He states that the Pala lepidolite deposit had very long
been known to the Indians, but that it was first brought to the notice
of the whites by an Indian deer-hunter named Vensuelada. He found
the spot while? hunting, and broke off pieces showing tin* beautiful pink
rubellite in its matrix of pearl-colored lepidolite, and brought them to
Pala. Henry Magee, an old miner and prospector, took the rubellite

ILL. Xo. 11. TOWN OF PALA, SAX DIEGO COUNTY —VIEW LOOKING EAST, SHOWING

INDIAN HOUSES.

crystals for cinnabar, and located the property as a quicksilver mine.
Failing to get any mercury from it, he nevertheless believed that the
peculiar mineral must have some value, and sent samples to various
chemists, but no one recognized it as a lithia compound of any impor¬
tance. Weary of his poor success, Magee gave it up and failed to do the
annual assessment work on the claim. Later, one Tomas Alvarado
relocated the property as a marble quarry ! Magee claimed that some
interest in the mine was rightfully due to himself, but Alvarado refused
to give him any. Upon this, Magee pointed eastward to the ridge now
called Heriart Mountain, and said, “If this stuff is of any value, I know
where there are thousands of tons of it over there.” Magee died, how-

A, C, Burrage Collection,

GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

ever, and his secret died with him; but certain it is that several mines,
with lepidolite and tourmaline, have lately been located on that very
ridge.

In 1893, near the crest of the San Jacinto range, in Riverside County,
loose or “float” crystals of tourmaline were observed, chiefly black,but
some finely colored—red, rose, green, blue, etc.* In some cases, the
green crystals were found to have red centers—a type long known from
Brazil. Some large crystals were obtained and a number of gems were
out from them. These indications were promptly followed up, and
several mining claims were located and worked.

ILL. No. 12. BELFRY OF OLI) SPANISH CHURCH AT PALA,

SAN DIEGO COUNTY.

One of these, opened near the summit of the range by three pros¬
pectors, Messrs. Dwight Whiting, F. M. Speer, and F. H. Jackson, w f as
called bv them the San Jacinto gem mine. It was reported that more
than a bushel of red and green crystals was found during the first sea¬
son's operation, one of which measured eight inches in length and sev¬
eral inches in diameter. This was purchased by Harvard University,
with other crystals several inches long and two inches in diameter.
One of this size had a dark green basal termination and showed a red
center on the fracture at the other end of the crystal. Other very fine
ones are in the American Museum of Natural History, at New York.

*G. F. Kunz. r. S. GeoL Survey, Min. Res. V. S., 18B2, j>. 12 (reprint).

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

Elegant specimens were made
by cutting and polishing sec¬
tions across the prism, in
some of the large crystals of
this type, showing the rich
green exterior, then a narrow
zone of white, and within
that the red central portion—
a beautiful contrast of colors,
recalling a slice from a water¬
melon. Some of these were
as much as three inches in
diameter. A few years later,
remarkably line crystals of
colorless tourmaline (achro-
lte) were reported from this
locality, by Mr. Dwight
Whiting.

Soon there were several
mines in operation in the San
Jacinto district, and these
gave quite a valuable output
for many years. At present
the one that is most promi¬
nent is that known as the
F a no (formerly the Simmons)
mine, discovered in 190*2 by
Mr. Bert Simmons, but now
owned bv Mr. E. A. Fano, of
San Diego. This is located

^ i

on the north side of Coahuila
Mountain, at an altitude of
some 4500 feet, about a mile
south of Bautista Creek, and
four miles west of Ramona
Indian reservation. About
the same distance east of the
reservation, and a little south,
on Thomas Mountain, at 5000
feet elevation, is the site of
the original discovery of col¬
ored tourmalines in this
county, made by Mr. Hamil¬
ton in 1872. This has been known as the Columbia gem mine, and
has yielded very line material; but it has not been worked much of

GEMS, JEWELERS , MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

late years, owing to litigation, other parties claiming it under the name
of the April Fool mine.

The Fano mine, besides colored tourmalines, especially rich shades of
blue and green, yields some beryl and a little kunzite, with lepidolite
and amblvgonite. Its structure is typical of the gem deposits of
southern California a ledge consisting of a vein (or dike) of pegmatite,
about five feet thick, with a northwest and southeast course, and a dip
of 17° to the southwest. The inclosing rock is called a blue granite,
but is probably the diorite (or gabhro) rock.

In 1895, a rubellite crystal was reported as found on the Pameron
place, in San Diego County, about 25 miles southeast of Pa la. and a
mile northwest of the Indian ram heria, at Mesa Grande. Tin* pink
tourmaline was noted as associated with the black variety in the rock
of certain coarse crystalline granitic dikes (pegmatite) of that district.
As these dikes are frequent, search was made among them; and in 189*,
the great tourmaline locality of Mesa Grande was located.* The
occurrence has many resemblances to that at Pala, and also marked
differences.

The tourmalines are in large and distinct crystals, often transparent,
sometimes in lepidolite, sometimes in quartz, and sometimes in feld¬
spar more as in Maine and Connecticut, and in the Riverside County
mines. As at Pala, the red variety predominates, but there are many
crystals of other tints blue, green, etc., and perfectly colorless and
many that are parti-colored; others are red externally and green
internally, like the Brazilian, hut reversed.

The vein or dike in which the tourmalines occur here is at an alti¬
tude of 5000 feet, on the same belt as that which contains the similar
minerals at Pala, on Smith’s Mountain. The spot seems to have been
known to the Indians, probably from the incident before noted; and
they have even done a little crude blasting to break up the rock and
procure the colored crystals from the cavities in which they chiefly
occur.

The Mesa Grande locality is remarkable for the great size and perfec¬
tion of the crystals, many of them being almost faultless, and the
doubly-terminated ones being the rule rather than the exception. The
Ernest Schernikow collection from this mine is the finest known, and
ranks with those from any locality in the world. It has recently
(1904-05) been on exhibition at the rooms of the State Mining Bureau
in San Francisco. A very fine set of specimens was shown at tin*
Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo in 1901. in the Tiffany exhibit of
American gems, since purchased and presented to the Musee d'His-
toire Xaturelle at Paris. The two-color crystals, part green and part
red, are remarkably strong at the point of contact, so that many have
Min. Res. P. S., 1000, pp. 33, :u (reprint).

<30

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

been cut showing one-half of the gem green, either pale or dark, and
the other a handsome pink or red. Some of the crystals have circular
hollows or threadlike inclusions, so that when they are cut across
these layers they form admirable cat’s-eyes. Quite a number of remark¬
ably beautiful cat’s-eyes weighing from 25 to 30 carats have been found,
varying from almost colorless to pale pink, rose, red, pale green,
yellow-green and dark green. For this peculiar type of tourmalines,
Mesa Grande is preeminent. One very large gem, weighing over 50
carats, showed the beautiful bi-coloration of pink and green. This locality
has been worked more thoroughly and has been more productive than
any other in the United States. The mineralogical specimens alone
must have a value of some $30,000; and up to 1905, gems to the value

ILL. NO. 11. RED TOURMALINE CRYSTALS ON QUARTZ CRYSTAL,
MESA GRANDE.

of $200,000 are said to have been taken out. A fine series of these
crystals is in the Morgan collection in the American Museum of Natural
History, New York.

During the past year or two several other remarkable localities have
been discovered. One of these, the Pala Chief mine, is situated a mile
and a half northeast of the town of Pala, and within a mile of the cele¬
brated lepidolite and rubellite workings at that place. But the tourma¬
lines at the new opening are more like those of Mesa Grande, and even
larger. Some crystals were as much as a foot long and three inches
across, of rich pink rubellite with an exterior coating of the dark blue
variety, indicolite, separated by a pale intervening zone. Other pink
crystals have a blue cap or termination, of a deep shade, inclining

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

toward purple. One very remarkably large crystal is like a hollow
cylinder, apparently composed of a group of prisms surrounding an
open central space at the axis of the cluster; this is entirely of a rather
dull blue, verging toward reddish in the interior. This locality, how¬
ever, has not yet been worked for its tourmalines, owing to its yielding
the remarkable new gem-stone, kunzite transparent lilac spodumene.
which has attracted so much attention of late.

The principal mine at this locality, known as the Pala Chief, was
located in May, 1903, by Mr. Frank A. Salmons, John Guldens, and

ILL. No. 15. PALA CHIEF MINE. PALA SOUTHWESTERN END OF WORKINGS.
LOOKING EAST. KUNZITE AND GEM-TOURMALINE.

two Basque French prospectors, Bernardo Heriart and Pedro Peiletch.
It presents the usual type of the mines of this region—a large vein or
dike of pegmatite, between upper and lower walls of gray, somewhat
decomposed, diorite (or gabbro). The vein has the characteristic divi¬
sion, elsewhere described, into an upper portion, more or less coarsely
crystallized,consisting largely of the two feldspars, albite and orthoelase,
with some quartz, and a lower portion of fine compact feldspathie
granite, without mica, and lined or banded in layers with small essonite
garnets—the so-called “line-rock.” Between these is a zone of pockets,
with much lepidolite, and the pockets filled with a talcose or clay-like

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA.

€2

material, of white and reddish tints, in which are found the tourmaline
and kunzitc crystals. These have been already described.

On another ridge eastward of this one, but separated only by a narrow
valley, the two Basque Frenchmen above named, in conjunction with
Mr. Fred M. Sickler and his father, M. M. Sickler, have discovered and
located several claims showing kunzite and more or less of gem-tour¬
maline. The name of Ileriart Mountain has been given to this ridge,
which is apparently a foothill or spur of Agua Tibia Mountain.

Several tourmaline mines have also been located north and east of
Ooahnila, Riverside County, by Mr. Bert Simmons, of Oak Grove, from
which some large gems have been obtained. Mr. Simmons has also
developed several mines southwest of Oak Grove, on Aguanga Moun¬
tain. which have produced a number of gem-tourmalines. From one
of the mines here, owned by Mr. K. C. Naylor of San Diego, several
fine yellow stones have been taken. These mines have also shown a
number of other minerals, such as spodumene (kunzite), columbite-
tantalite, pink beryl, etc. The first announcement of this region was
made by the writer.*

This entire lithia region, the geological character of the deposits as
well as the descriptive mineralogieal part, is now being monographed
by Dr. Waldemar T. Schaller, of the t\ S. Geological Survey, f to be
published in 1905.

Another discovery of a locality for colored tourmalines and kunzite
is recently reported from a new district in San Diego County, about
10 miles -south and somewhat west from Bala, in Section 26, T. 10 S.,
R. 3 E. The locality is in Moosa Canon, near Moosa Falls, and the
discoverers are Messrs. Thomas Freeman and Joe Meyers, of Oceanside.
The surface indications, and specimens brought in, suggest that the
discovery may prove as rich as the other and older mines. Quartz
crystals of large size are also found there, and smoky topaz is said to
be abundant; but this is more probably smoky quartz, as the topaz has
not been found associated heretofore with kunzite or highly colored
tourmaline.

These gem-tourmalines all contain some lit hia, and are found in asso¬
ciation with other lit hia minerals, such as lepidolite (lithia mica),
amblygonite (lithia phosphate), and the alumina-lithia silicate, spod-
umene (kunzite). The particular associations, however, vary at
different- localities. Thus, in the Bala district there are three adjacent
ridges; the western one, known as Bala Mountain, contains the
great lepidolite and amblygonite mine, now worked for some years,
which has furnished the radiating groups of pink rubcllite above

-Report Dept. Min. Statistics, U. S. Geol. Survey. 1001, p. HI (reprint). Science,
January 28. 11)04 (Vol. XIX).

tSi :«*nce, February 12. 11H.H, j». 2(ib (Vol. XIX).

GEMS, JEWELERS * MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

d«-<ribed, elegant as specimens, but not transparent; on the same ridge
is the Stewart mine, which yields larger crystals of rubellite and some
of other colors. On the middle ridge, Pala Chief Mountain, is the
recently opened mine of that name, already mentioned, where the very
large colored tourmalines occur, with kunzite, hut little or no amblyg-
onite. Other openings on this ridge are the Tourmaline Queen and
Tourmaline King, of which the former especially shows crystals of rich
and varied coloring. On the eastern ridge, Ileriart Mountain, are
several openings at which kunzite is found, and frequent association of

ILL. No. 10. PALA MOUNTAIN. SAN DIEGO COUNTY. LK PI IK) LITE MINE. NEAR
VIEW OF THE DUMP.

gem-tourmaline and lepidolite. The Mesa Grande locality has already
been described; the great mine is the Himalaya, but the Esmeralda and
one or two others have rich and beautiful gem-tourmalines, but none
have kunzite. The Ramona district, that yields garnet and topaz, has
less tourmaline, and hardly any of gem quality. The Riverside County
localities, in the San Jacinto Mountains, include the Fano (originally
the Simmons) mine, a rich producer of colored tourmaline, and the
Columbia (also called the April Fool) mine, which was the first one
discovered in the State, and has yielded many beautiful gems, hut has
not been worked much of late.

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA.

QUARTZ.

Quartz is one of the commonest of all minerals, occurring in rock-
masses nearly pure, and forming a large proportion of most of the
granitic rocks. Its hardness, and the fact that it is unaffected by most
chemicals, render it very stable and persistent, and hence it forms the
largest part of most sands and sandstones, Its varieties are almost
innumerable in color and aspect, and many of them are beautiful as
ornamental and semi-precious stones. The crystals of quartz are easily
recognized by their peculiar form, that of a six-sided prism, long and
slender or short and stout, terminated by a sharp six-sided pyramid at.
one or both extremities. Some of its varieties are the following:

Crystalline.

Rock-crystal (colorless).

Amethyst (purple).

Citrine (yellow).

Rose-quartz (pink).

Smoky quartz (smoky).

Cairngorm stone (smoky).

Spanish topaz (deep yellow or brown).
Morion (black).

Plasma, prase (green).

Asteriated quartz.

Aventurine (spangled).

Quartz eat’s-eve.

Gold-quartz.

Dumortierite quartz.

Tourmalinated quartz.

Hornblende in quartz.

Gdtbite in quartz (Onegite).

Rutilated quartz (Sagenite or Filches
d’amour).

Thetis hairstone.

Non-Crystalline.

Chalcedony (white and various pale tints).
Carnelian (pink to red).

Sard (dark red or brown-red).

Chrysoprase (green).

Agate (handed, of various color*).

Rainbow agate.

Royal agate.

Onyx (black and white, handed).
Moss-agate, Mocha-stone.

Hvdrolite (inclosing water).

Jasper, an impure, quartz (usually red,
green or brown).

Bloodstone (heliotrope).

Jasper agate (banded with different colors).
Lydian stone, Basanite, Touchstone (black
jasper).

Xovaculite. Whetstone.

Agatized wood.

Jasperized wood.

Many of these varieties exist in California.

Rock-crystal. —Transparent colorless quartz, or rock-crystal, though
not rare as a mineral, is seldom found in masses of large size. When
it is, however, it is valuable for use in the ornamental arts. One or two
localities in the Alps, which have been known and worked from Roman
times, though very difficult and perilous of access, have furnished mate¬
rial for the elegant carved objects to be seen in European palaces and
museums.

In Japan also, large crystals were formerly obtained, from which
were made the polished balls so much prized by the natives, and after¬
wards by foreigners, who have now almost drained the country of them
by purchase. Japan has not yielded much new material for some years*
and the main supply of it has been derived from Madagascar and Brazil.
Within the last decade, however, very fine rock-crystal masses have,
been obtained in the United States, especially in California,

GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA.

()5

In 1891-92 an important development of crystallized quartz was
made at Placerville, El Dorado County, by Mr. James Blakiston, in a
quartz ledge running north and south, and dipping eastward about 45
to 50 degrees.* The rock of the ledge is partly decomposed and partly
compact, and is traversed perhaps a hundred feet by a vein of crys¬
tallized quartz varying from ft to 14 inches in width. This vein is also
decomposed, and is tilled in with a reddish earth or sand, and can he
dug into with a stick or board. It is full of quartz crystals, of all
sizes, from that of a man’s finger up to remarkable dimensions, some
of them weighing as much as 80 or 90 pounds. Several of these, over
50 pounds in weight, were pellucid and free from Haws; while others
have peculiar interest from remarkable inclusions of chlorite. 3 to 5
millimeters in thickness, at several
depths in the crystal -thus marking
successive stages of crystal growth,
and making very striking “phan¬
toms,” generally of green chlorite on
white quartz layers. Of still greater
interest, however, are other quartz
crystals, 2 to 4 inches in length and
half that in transverse diameter, con¬
taining at and near their centers in¬
clusions resembling groups or clusters
of dolomite or siderite crystals, cream-
white to brown in color, and consist¬
ing of many rhombohedra from 2 to
4 millimeters in diameter. On break¬
ing the specimens, however, the
curious fact appears that these groups
are hollow cavities in the quartz, the
spaces being lined with a layer of
chalcedony, or when brown, occupied only by a brown silieious mate¬
rial. This would indicate that the original mineral must have been
siderite or ankerite, afterwards covered by successive growths of the
quartz, and in some manner decomposed during that process.

The most remarkable California quartz discovery, however, was made
in 1897, by John E. Burton, of Milwaukee, Wis., in Calaveras County,
at the old Green Mountain mine, in Chile Gulch, a mile and a half
south of Mokelumne Hill. Here, in one of the ancient river channels,
about 350 feet wide, filled with auriferous gravel and covered by an
overflow of lava which are characteristic of this portion of California
were found a quantity of enormous quartz crystals, embedded in the old

ILL. No. 17. Quartz Crystal from
Placerville, El Dorado County.
WelghtttiOlbs. In Morgan collec¬
tion, American Museum Natural
History. New York City.

* Am. J. Sci. (3). i8‘>2, Vol. XUIL p. 329. Gems »
America, Kunz, p. 3fil (Appendix), 1S92.

ml Precious Stones of North

O—MB

GEMS, .JEWELERS’ MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

gravel. It is claimed that twelve tons were taken out in the years 1897
and 1898; one giant crystal, surrounded by an attached cluster of forty-
seven smaller ones, weighed over a ton. A number of the finest were
sent to New York, and splendid balls were cut from them by machinery
constructed for the purpose. One of the largest crystals measured in
the rough 19 bv 15 by 14 inches, and another 14 by 14 by 9 inches. A
perfect sphere cut from one of these crystals has a diameter of 5-J inches,
and is absolutely without a Haw. It is worth $3000. Even larger
spheres have been cut from these California crystals—two ranging up
to 1 \ inches in diameter, but they are not entirely flawless. The first
mentioned sphere, and one of 71 inches, cut by Tiffany & Co., are the
largest ever produced in this country, and are justly held among the
most valued treasures of the Morgan-Tiffany collection; and one 71-inoli
ball is in the collection of the Musee dTIistoire Naturelle at Paris. A
large, perfect hexagonal crystal in the American Museum of Natural
History weighs 346 pounds. There were in all some twelve tons of
crystals found, but few yielded cutting material.

Some of the crystals here found are apparently the largest ever
obtained anywhere. The exteriors were frequently roughened or dis¬
colored, in other cases quite bright; but within, the quartz was clear
and colorless. The great crystal in the one-ton group just mentioned
showed a portion in its interior that was beautifully clear for a space
of 14 by 16 by 24 inches, and might yield a flawless hall of over a foot
in diameter. It was with great difficulty that this splendid mass could
he taken out of the tunnel without injuring it. As the crystals show
little wear, they have evidently not been transported far from their
source, and must have come from some vein or fissure cut through by
the ancient streams a little way above. If this could he discovered, it
might be a most remarkable crystal mine.

So far as the gravel deposit here was explored by drifts, the crystals
appeared to be strewn through it, and it would seem that there must
be a large amount of valuable material there; but no further actual
work has been done for several years.

Other California localities for crystals of several pounds in weight
are Drum Valley, Three Rivers, and Yokohl, in the neighborhood of
Visalia, in Tulare County.

Many fine crystals are also obtained in some of the mines in San
Diego and Riverside counties, where they occur in the pegmatite veins
that are worked for tourmaline and beryl. The Fano mine, in River¬
side County, near Coahuila, has sold some 200 pounds of choice quartz
crystals; they are also frequent at the Himalaya mine, at Mesa Grande,
both colorless and smoky, at the Mack mine on Mount Palomar, and in
most of the mines throughout that region of the State. Some of these
may yield good material for use in the arts.

GEMS, JEWELERS 9 MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

The Indians used quartz of all kinds for arrow- and spear-points.
Those made of colorless transparent rock-crystal are rare and beautiful;
some specimens of these, only an inch long, from Calaveras County,
were presented to the State Mining Bureau, some years ago, by Mr.
J. Z. Davis.

Amethyst, the purple variety of quartz, has not been found to any

ILL. No. IS. OUTCROP OK ROSE QUARTZ -FREE ZONE. NEAR THE
MEXICAN LINE. SAN DIEGO COUNTY.

great extent in California; though it occurs somewhat in Mono County,
at the Noonday mine. Bodie district.

Smoky Quartz is somewhat abundant, but has been already men¬
tioned at the principal points, under Rock-crystal.

Rose-Quartz is a semi-crystalline translucent variety, of pale pink
color, sometimes slightly opalescent. It is capable of use for many
ornamental purposes being cut into balls, pendants, small vases, etc.

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

Rose-quartz is a substance much appreciated by the Orientals, and it
has been successfully imitated by them by dipping white quartz rock,
after heating, into an aniline solution; this process opens cracks in the
quartz, which upon cooling absorbs the rose color, and retains it per¬
manently.

Rose-quartz of choice pink color exists in some quantity at several
points in Tulare County. Specimens from Yokohl and Three Rivers
have been sold at remunerative prices; and according to Prof, \Y. II.
Smith, of Visalia, it is found, of good quality, at several other places in
that vicinity. Rose-quartz is frequent also in the pegmatite veins of
the gem mines in San Diego and Riverside counties (described under
beryl, tourmaline, and kunzite). It is also reported as a large out¬
cropping ledge, rising above the surface of the ground for a distance of
240 feet, with a width of 40 feet, at a point near the Mexican boundary;
the location is given by Mr. X. G. Douglas, who describes it as 15 miles
from San Diego and 29 miles from Tia Juana, on the public road from
the last-named place to Ensenada, in the so-called “Free Zone.” it is
claimed that the material can be quarried out here in blocks of any
desired size. Another occurrence of rose-quartz, somewhat opalescent,
is announced by Mr. Edward X. Walsh, at Escondido, San Diego
County.

Gold-Quartz. One of the most characteristic ornamental stones of
California is the gold-quartz, which has been used to a large extent for
jewelry and art objects. The gold of the placers and gravel-beds is
derived from auriferous quartz veins in the metamorphic slates of the
Sierra Nevada, having been worn out and washed down in the slow
decay of those rocks. Rut the most important mining operations are
now conducted upon the veins themselves, where the quartz i> taken
out and crushed. In most cases the gold, even in a rich vein, is scarcely
visible; but sometimes it is so abundant and so conspicuous that it
makes a strikingly ornamental stone—a matrix of white quartz, either
opaque or translucent, through which gold is distributed freely in little
patches or stringers. Jewelers pay from $20 to $30 for each ounce of
gold contained in such material- the gold itself being worth about
$10.50. The price of specimens varies from $3 to $40 an ounce,
according to their beauty and to the proportion of gold included.
This latter is determined by specific gravity.

Some crystals of limpid quartz, containing particles of native gold,
have been found in California. One of these was said to have been an
inch long, inclosing in the center a scale of gold about the size of the
lunule of a finger nail. In Nevada County, in the Grass Valley mines,
quartz is occasionally found supporting gold between the crystals.
Most of the white gold-quartz comes from the counties of Butte, Cala¬
veras. El Dorado, Mariposa, Nevada, Placer, Sierra, Tuolumne, and

GEMS, JEWELERS , MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

61)

Yuba. A black gold-quartz is found at the Sheep Ranch mine, in Cala¬
veras County, and at Sutter Creek, in Amador. Occasionally bowlders
of gold-quartz are met with. A smoothly rolled mass of this character
was taken out of the bank of the Nevada Hydraulic Company, at Gib¬
son vilie. It weighed 160 pounds, and was judged to contain $2500
worth of gold; but its value for lapidary purposes was greater.

An artificial imitation of this stone has been made, by throwing
grains of gold from crushed quartz into a fused milky glass, and allow¬
ing it to solidify in molds of various shapes.. Another process was to
produce a so-called rose gold-quartz, by backing a translucent gold-
quartz with carmine paste. This was quite effective, especially when
used in connection with the black or the opaque variety. The same
thing might be done with backings of other colors, and a striking variety
of effects produced. There occurs in Hungary an amethystine gold-
quartz of great beauty, which could be readily imitated in this way.

Gold-quartz is made into a great variety of articles of jewelry and
ornament, such as cane-heads, paper-weights, fan-sticks, bracelets, etc.;
it is also employed for inlaying in certain kinds of elegant furniture,
where it contrasts finely with dark wood or with other minerals of
pronounced color, such as jasper, malachite, smoky quartz, etc.

The jewelry made from this material is mostly sold to tourists from
the Hast and from foreign countries, though a good deal is also used in
California. Eleven hundred dollars' worth was purchased some years
ago, by an embassy from Asia; and almost all visitors buy specimens as
souvenirs. The largest and most ambitious piece of work in gold-quartz
is a model <>f the cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris; it is about a foot
high, and is valued at $20,000. The amount of this material used in
jewelry has varied greatly; it has at times been estimated as high as
$40,000 a year, but has not approached such figures of late. One lapi¬
dary in Oakland, where most of the cutting is done, bought nearly
$10,000 worth in one year, and a large San Francisco firm of jewelers
bought nearly $15,000 worth. In 1902 the production amounted to only
about $3000.

In the selection of the quartz for art work great care is necessary.
The stones used must be large enough to bear the rough treatment of
the diamond-saw and the lap-wheel of the polisher. All the rock quartz
is friable, and some of it crumbles to pieces while undergoing these
processes. The saw, catching in the gold in the slitting, prevents the
cutting of large pieces, as the wafer-like slabs are apt to be broken by
this resistance while being detached from the mass. For this reason,
all the pieces set in cabinet work are small. Pieces 4 by 2 inches are
quite rare, although fine pieces 4 inches square are at times seen. Rarely
more than half of the rough material purchased finds its way into the
market, owing to breakage while being trimmed into shape.

GEMS, JEWELERS MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

Quartz Inclusions. —-Quartz is frequently penetrated by other
minerals, and these combinations are often very beautiful and un¬
valued as ornamental stones. Instances of this kind, mentioned in
some of the writer’s reports on the Mineral Resources of the United
States, are the following: At the tourmaline locality near Coahuila, in
Riverside County, the quartz is sometimes penetrated with line hair¬
like crystals of tourmaline, so as much to resemble the beautiful ruti¬
lated quartz, or sagenite. One of the finest of these specimens is now in
the collection of Harvard University, at Cambridge, Mass., and another
in the American Museum of Natural History at New York.* A recent
announcement has been made of the finding of smoky quartz penetrated
by black and greenish-black tourmaline, near Fallbrook, 8 miles west of
Pala, in Ban Diego County. Mr. \\\ H. Trenchard reports quartz inclu¬
sions of tourmaline, hornblende, and other minerals, as frequent
throughout southern California, especially at the mines where the gem-
tourmalines occur.

In Tulare County, on Deer Creek, Mr. L. B. Hawkins obtained speci¬
mens of a similar penetration of quartz by hornblende crystals. + This
combination has also been noted by the State Mining Bureau, at Tyler s
Ranch, near Oleta, Amador County, and at Fairplay. El Dorado County.*
A notable occurrence of this character is that already described (p. Go)
in El Dorado County, near Plaeerville, where a decomposed quartz vein
is full of crystals ranging from the size of a man’s finger up to 80 or ilO
pounds. Several pieces of the quartz, over 50 pounds in weight, were
pellucid and free from Haws, while others contained remarkable inclu¬
sions of green chlorite, 3 to 5 millimeters in thickness. Some of t he
crystals also contain inclusions of chalcedony, cream-white to brown in
color.

Other interesting quartz inclusions are reported by Mr. H. F. Wheaton,
of Riverside County, from the San Bernardino range, in the county of
the same name, in the desert. These are the kind known by the name
of sagenite, in which transparent quartz crystals are penetrated with
long slender crystals of brilliant red or brown rutile, the oxide of
titanium. This variety is well known and much admired, as both furi¬
ous and elegant, and has received the name abroad of “fieehesd/unour/'
or “love’s arrows.” When pieces of any considerable size are obtained,
it is a beautiful material for carving into objects of art. There wen*
also noted colorless quartz crystals with chloritic “phantoms" including
“minute grouped masses of a green color,” thought to he ehrysocolla or
epidote.

There are many other kinds of inclusions; and in some cases the
included mineral so completely penetrates and fills the quartz as to

*Mim*val Resources of the United States,1898, p. 18,
t Ibid., 1897, p. 14.
x Ibid.. 1894, p. <501.

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

change its aspect entirely, and render it almost opaque and highly col¬
ored. Such is the Mariposa County instance, referred to on page 97,
under jade, where a quartz filled with a green micaceous mineral (mari-
posite) in minute scales forms a green stone so resembling jade that it
is exported to China, where jade is greatly prized.

Dumortierite Quartz. A very marked example of this character
exists in Riverside County, on the Colorado Desert, about 50 miles
north of Yuma and 11 miles west of the Colorado River. Here quartz
is found that is so tilled with a rare dark blue mineral, known as
Dumortierite, that it closely resembles the celebrated stone long familiar
in jewelry and the arts as lapis lazuli. Mr. John Stewart, of Los
Angeles, who described the locality, states that the material is abundant
and can be taken out in blocks of several hundred pounds, varying from
light to dark blue and mingled blue and white. This should be a very
fine ornamental stone, as it polishes beautifully. The locality, however,
is remote? and can only be worked in the winter or the rainy season, as
water has to be hauled from the Colorado River, and the climate is too
hot for either horses or white men from June to December.

Near Dehesa,* San Diego County, is a large body of lavender-colored
dumortierite in quartz, which, if cut and polished, would make hand¬
some specimens. This is evidently the mineral that was mistaken by
the early collectors for erythrite, which it slightly resembles in struc¬
ture and color. Erythrite has a metallic lustre, the dumortierite has
none.

CHALCEDONY.

On some of the California beaches are found many interesting pebbles
of chalcedony that frequently have the appearance of a partial polish.
Among the most notable of these beaches are Crescent City, Pescadero,
and Redondo. The first named is in Del Norte County, at the extreme
northern end of the State. Pescadero is nearly central, lying some 25
miles dikieetly west of San Jose, and may be reached by a beautiful
mountain ride of 25 miles from San Mateo. The pebbles are found in
great profusion, of different varieties of chalcedony and agate, many of
them beautifully marked; others are apparently of jasper, and occasion¬
ally of fossil coral. Some of them are hollow geodes of chalcedony,
inclosing a liquid with a moving bubble, like the “hydrolites** from
Uruguay, South America, or from Tampa, Florida, and near Astoria,
Oregon. These little sealed flasks, as they might be called, vary from
the size of a pea, or less, up to rarely an inch in length, and are much
sought after. Redondo is a favorite beach resort, about 15 miles south
of Los Angeles. Here also are found many beautiful pebbles. It is

* Report of Dept. Min. Statistics, U. S. freol. Survey.

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

quite the custom after each tide for the guests at the hotel to visit the
beach to look for these treasures, which are especially abundant north
of the pier. They are believed to come from a bed of sand and gravel
in the vicinity. Several of these pebbles were found in 1901 in an
Indian grave near Redondo.

At both these beach resorts, large quantities of the pebbles are gath¬
ered and sold to tourists, often in bottles of water, to bring out their

ILL. No. l‘A PEBBLES FROM PKSCADKIU) BEACH. SAN MATEO COUNTY.

varied colors. Long chains and other ornaments arc also made by
drilling the stones and stringing them on a flexible wire.

Another important pebble locality is that known as Moonstone Beach,
on Santa Catalina island. The pebbles are not moonstones, but nodules
of quartz weathered out of a rhyolite rock—composed of sanidine feld¬
spar and quartz—while those of Redondo and Pescadero are agate and
chalcedony, and come from amvgdaloidal rocks.

Similar pebbles of varied coloring occur on Upper Spanish Creek,
above Green Flat, in Meadow Valley, Plumas County, according to Mr.
J. A. Edman.* Another locality is on the shores of Lake Tahoe, where

* r. S. Geol. Survey, Dept. Min. Statistics, ISM), p. 40 (reprint).

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

they are very abundant at points; and still another is Canon Springs,
in the southern part of the State, as announced by Mr. C. R. Orcutt,
who found hvdrolites and many beautiful agates in the drift of the
desert and strewn over the mesas.*

Numerous handsome varieties of chalcedony are known to occur in
California. Among these is a light blue variety, sometimes called
sapphirine chalcedony. This is a stone that was highly valued in very
ancient times, and was a favorite material for the carved Babylonian
seals, 3000 to 4000 B. C. That used for this purpose came from Persia;
it occurs also in the Urals, and at Treszvtan in Hungary. Sapphirine
chalcedony of equal beauty is found at Kane Springs, in Kern County,
in masses of a deep sky-blue color, with the “botryoidal” or grape-

JLL. No. i!0. PEBBLE BEACH. REDONDO. LOS ANGELES COUNTY.

cluster surface characteristic of much chalcedony. It does not seem to
have been developed, however, nor is the amount of it to be had yet
known.

Prof. William P. Blake mentions the occurrence of large masses of
white chalcedony, delicately veined and in mammillary sheets, near the
Panoehe. in Fresno County, and also in Monterey County, and of pink
chalcedony in nodules in the eruptive rocks in Los Angeles County,
between Johnson’s River and Williamson’s Fork. There are doubtless
many other localities in the State where handsome varieties of chalce¬
dony occur, that may be developed and used. Some of the silicified
wood, elsewhere noted as frequent in the old “sub-lava” gold gravels, is
altered to white chalcedony and various types of agate.

Report on Minerals of the Colorado Desert (10th Ann. Kept. State Mineralogist), 18S0.

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

CHRYSOPRASE*

Chrysoprase is a chalcedony that is colored a beautiful light green
by the oxide of nickel. It has been a favorite stone in jewelry and
ornamental work from very ancient times, but is found at only a few
places in the world. Within some years past several localities of
chrysoprase have been opened in California, in the region about Visalia,
in Tulare County. The first discovery was made as far back as 1878,
by Mr. George W. Smith, a surveyor, who collected specimens «»f the
mineral and submitted them to experts. Mr. Max Braverman. of
Visalia, was the lirst who positively identified it as chrysoprase, from
its content of nickel oxide. Specimens were thenceforth gathered and
sent to various collections and museums. Later, its possible value for
jewelry began to attract attention, and renewed search was instituted,
resulting in the discovery of two more occurrences of it in the same
county—one on Stokes Mountain and the other on Title River. The
original locality is at Venice Hill, about 12 miles northeast of Visalia.
Here the chrysoprase forms small veins, 2 or 3 inches thick, in a jas-
perv rock. Much of it is flawed, but a good deal of choice material has
been taken out and cut, and the color is good. The principal vein was
located by Mr, ('. P. Wilcomb, formerly of the Golden Gate Park Museum,
San Francisco, while Mr. Braverman has been very active in searching
and exploring. He and Mr. L. B. Hawkins located a fourth occurrence
in 1897, in the same county, at Deer Creek, some 30 miles southeast of
Visalia; and in the succeeding year a fifth locality was opened at Lind¬
say, half way between those two places. Here again the material is apt
to be flawed, and much of it is pale in color; but a good deal has been
taken out, and one remarkably fine specimen has been presented by Mr.
Braverman to the State Mining Bureau. The stone here is mingled
with a beautiful semi-opal of the same green colors, for which Mr.
Braverman proposed the name chrysoprase opal or ehrysopal.

There was considerable activity at these several mines for the first
few years, but no large or steady production. Twelve hundred pounds
were shipped from the Deer Creek locality, five hundred from that at
Lindsay, and three hundred from Venice Hill; but the proportion of
real gem-material was small. More recently, however, a New York
company has taken up chrysoprase mining with more system and
more success. Large amounts of fine material have been taken out,
varying from deep to light green, and a great deal has been cut. in some
cases into stones weighing several ounces each. Most of it. however,
had been cut into squares, rhombs, ovals, etc., for studs, links, rings,
and inlaying or mosaic work. The great increase in production is
strikingly shown by the fact that the value of the annual output, which

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA. 75

for several years before had been only about $100, leaped to $1500 in
1901, and to $15,000 in 1902.*

MOSS-AGATE (MOSS JASPER)*

Chalcedony with dendritic markings, in masses from 15 to IS inches
across, and Jaspery agate, with moss-like markings of a dark brown
color, are among the minerals collected by Mr. IL F. Johnson in the
San Bernardino Mountains, m the county of that name, in the desert
region of California, and reported by Mr. Wheaton, of Palm Springs, in
the adjacent county of River-ule.f

JASPER*

Jasper is also found at many points. It occurs of fine quality at
Murphys, in Calaveras County, of various shades of red, brown, and
yellow. Mr, J. A. Edman has described it in Plumas County, west of
Meadow Valley, gray, green, red, and banded red and white; and some
of these richly mingled varieties he thinks would be well adapted for
use in the arts. Red and green jaspers are abundant near San Fran¬
cisco, where an impure variety has been used for buildings and side¬
walks. Around the shores of Lake Tahoe are scattered myriads of agate
and jasper pebbles, which of course indicate the presence of these min¬
erals in the rocks of the vicinity. A very peculiar variety occurs near
San Francisco, as inclusions in basalt. The rock is made up of red
sphertilites consisting of quartz stained by iron, usually very small, but
Occasionally reaching a diameter of more than an inch. When cut and
polished, this rock makes very handsome specimens.

OPAL.

H.= 6. G.= 2.0-2.2.

Opal is essentially silica, though differing from quartz in containing
small amounts of water. It has numerous varieties, such as

Noble or precious opal,
Fire opal,

Milky opal,

Opal agate,

Moss opal,

Opaline,
Hyalite,
Hydrophane,
Wood opal,
Opalized wood.

Opal of different kinds has been observed at a number of points in
California, but the precious or gem variety has not yet been obtained

^Mineral Resources of the United States, i . S. Geol. Survey, 1JK)2, p. si table of pro¬
duction of precious stones,
tlblik, MHX), p, 37 (reprint).

GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA.

of a size and quality to warrant mining operations. In 1897, lire
opals, small but good, with larger pieces of inferior quality, were identi¬
fied by the State Mining Bureau, from Dunsmuir. in Siskiyou County.
Very recently a locality of precious opal that may prove impor¬
tant lias been reported at the opposite end of the State, in the region of
the Mojave Desert. Mr. C. R. Orcutt, of San Diego, describes the opal
as occurring in large quantities in a porphyritic rock. Most of that
which he had seen is chalcedonic, but some true precious opal lias been
found, and good stones have been cut from it. The locality is in San
Bernardino County, some 25 miles northwest of Barstow. Here, opal
of various colors, some almost amber-yellow, and some—though not
very much of the precious and tire opal, occurs in seams, veins, and
pockets, in what is called an indurated clay, by a more recent deseriber,
but is doubtless a decomposed igneous rock. The deposit is about half
a mile wide and two miles long, dipping rather steeply, with an overlying
tufa, and probably resting upon granite beneath. The locality is sit¬
uated in a branch of Black’s Canon to the east of the main canon. On
the surface are found large deposits of what is called a semi-opal,” a
stone which resembles the genuine opal, but lias not its beauty. The
real opals are found at a little distance from the surface and resemble
very much the Australian opals. J. C. Reed and associates, of San
Bernardino, are the owners. This locality may prove valuable when
more fully developed.

A beautiful yellow opal, without lire, and more resembling amber,
was noted in 1895, by Mr. M. Braverman, at the chrysoprase locality at
Yokohl, near Visalia, in Tulare County. This might make an attract¬
ive semi-precious stone, if procurable in any quantity. lie also found
a beautiful green variety, for which he proposed the name of chryso¬
prase opal, or clirysopal, at the chrysoprase mine near Lindsay, in the
same county.

Rich white opals, but with no fire, were described as long ago as 1886,
by Prof. William P. Blake, from near Mokelumne Hill, Calaveras
County. They were found loose in a gravel stratum, 345 feet deep in a
shaft sunk in Chile Gulch, in Stockton Hill; the pieces ranged up to
the size of a walnut, and were at first supposed to have real value. A
similar variety occurs with magnesite in Alameda County and at some
other points, but is of little importance.

In San Bernardino County, milky opal was reported by Mr. Dwight
Whiting, in 1897, in a narrow seam of sandstone, a little east of tlie*
N.E. i of Sec. 24, T. 1 S., R. 13 W., San Bernardino base and
meridia n.

The peculiar, glassy, transparent variety of opal known as hyalite lias
been found in Lake County, in some abundance, by Mr. II. H. Myer,
and is also reported as occurring with semi-opal, about 30 miles south

GEMS, JEWELERS’ MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

of Mount Diablo, in the range of that name. It is an interesting
variety, but not capable of any particular use in the arts.

Silicified and Opalized Wood. -Silicified wood, which is variously
known as agatized wood and wood opal, is found in abundance in Cali¬
fornia. The ancient gold-bearing gravels, overlaid by a capping of lava
or tufa, elsewhere described, frequently contain trunks and branches of
trees that have been permeated by silicious waters and thus fossilized.
In some cases the replacing material is opal silica; and very interesting
gradations in the process of change can be seen, even in parts of the
same specimen. Pieces from these sub-lava” gravels from Nevada
County (e. g.) will show parts completely silicified, but opaque and
pale-colored, and others entirely altered to opal silica, of various shades
of translucent brown. These logs and fragments represent trees that
grew on the banks of the ancient streams, before the lava or tufa flowed
into the valleys and filled them, and in some instances they are even
found still standing erect.

Of the manner of this remarkable change, Prof. .Joseph Le Conte*
says: ‘'In a good specimen of petrified wood not only the external
form of the trunk, not only the general structure of the stem pith, wood*
and bark not only the radiating silver-grain and the concentric rings
of growth are discernible, but even the microscopic cellular structure of
the wood and the exquisite sculpturings of the cell-walls themselves are
perfectly preserved, so that the kind of wood may often be determined
bv the microscope with the utmost certainty, vet not one particle of the
organic matter of the wood remains. It has been entirely replaced by
mineral matter, usually some form of silica.”

The general theory of petrifaction is as follows: When wood is soaked
in a strong solution of iron sulphate (copperas), then dried, and the
same process repeated until the wood is highly charged with this solu¬
tion, and then burned, the structure of the wood will be preserved in
the peroxide of iron that remains; also it is well known that the smallest
fissures and cavities in rocks are speedily filled by infiltrating waters
with mineral matters; hence wood buried in soil soaked with sonic
petrifying material becomes highly Charged with the same and the cells
filled with the infiltrating material, so that when the wood decays the
petrifying material is left, retaining the structure of the wood. Fur¬
thermore, as each particle of organic matter passes away hv decay, a
particle of mineral matter takes its place, until finally all of the organic
matter is replaced. The process of petrifaction is therefore one of sub¬
stitution as well as of interstitial filling. From the different nature of
the process in the two eases, it happens that the interstitial filling
always differs, either in chemical composition or in color, from the sul>-

* Elements of Geology, p. 192.

GEMS, JEWELERS’ MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

stituting material. Thus the structure remains visible, although the
mass is solid.

Agatized wood in large quantities, consisting of trees from 12 to 35
feet in length and from 18 inches to 2 feet in diameter, has been obtained
near Calistoga, in Xapa County; and in the hydraulic mines of Cali¬
fornia, at many points, large and very beautiful masses of opalized
wood, of fine brown, yellow and black colors, are frequently found.

ALBITE—FELDSPAR.

Aventurme* Moonstone* Peristerxte.

H.= 6. U.= 2»62. Luster vitreous, often pearly on cleavage surface.

Color white, also bluish, grayish, reddish, and greenish; occasionally

ill. No. 21. MOONSTONE REACH. CATALINA ISLAND. LOS ANGELES COUNTY

having a bluish chatoyancy or play of colors. Silica, 68.7; alumina,
19.5; soda, 11.8.

A1 bite (soda feldspar) is a constituent of many crystalline rocks,
often associated with common or potash feldspar (orthoclase) in granite
and pegmatite, and frequently in syenite, greenstone, and the crystal¬
line schists. The most common occurrences are in veins or cavities in
granite or granitoid rocks. Found in Calaveras, Inyo, Marin, Mono,
Riverside, San Bernardino, and San Diego counties.

Both albite and orthoclase feldspar are especially conspicuous in the
dikes or veins of pegmatite that traverse the granite and diorite rocks
of San Diego and Riverside counties, and that carry the gem-minerals
of that region. They constitute the greater part of the pegmatite,

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

together with quartz, and are often finely crystallized. The albite in
some instances appears with the tourmalines, etc., in the pockets, in
beautiful transparent crystals; and the orthoelase at times is found in
crystals of great size; some of these at Mesa Grande are penetrated
with fine prisms of rubellite or other colored tourmaline.

The use of albite for gem purposes is practically restricted to those
kinds showing a bluish opalescence or play of colors, an aventurine
effect, or a moonstone effect when cut en cabnchon.

Peristerite is a whitish, adularia-like albite, presenting a bluish
chatoyancy usually more or less mixed with pale green and yellow, the
play of colors resembling that on the neck of a pigeon.

Aventurine is a grayish-white to reddish-grav albite, with internal
fire-like reflections proceeding from minute inclusions, disseminated
crystals.

Moonstone is a semi-transparent albite, having a chatoyant reflection
resembling that of a cat’s-eye, or an opaque pearly-white variety with a
bluish opalescence. The so-called moonstones of Santa Catalina island,
gathered on the u Moonstone Beach/’ are not albite, however, but nodules
of translucent quartz. (See p. 72.) Minute crystals of the adularia
variety of moonstone with beautiful blue reflections, occurring in a vol-
canic (rhyolite) rock, were found recently at Rialto, in the Funeral
Mountains, in Inyo County, near the Nevada line. They are of won¬
derful beauty, but are valueless on account of their small size. They
were supposed to be opals at first by many collectors who distributed
them.*

It can hardly be said that any gem material of the species albite is
known in California, although many interesting specimens have been
found.

ORTHOCLASE-FELDSPAR.

II. = 6. G. = 2.o 2.7. Silica, 64.7; alumina, 18.4; potash, 16.9.

Orthoelase (potash feldspar) has already been referred to in connec¬
tion with albite. Colors white to various shades of cream, gray, flesh-
color and reddish, rarely green or brown. The only form in which it
occurs in California, that is capable of ornamental use, is that of

Graphic Granite. -Graphic granite, or Hebrew Stone, appears at
Pala, San Diego County, at the famous rubellite and lepidolite mine.
Large masses of this peculiar rock, consisting of quartz and orthoelase
so intergrown as to present the appearance of Hebrew writing, are found
here as a phase of a large pegmatite dike. It is also found more or less
at all the gem mines in the pegmatite veins of the San Diego-Riverside

' r. S. Geol. Survey, Min. Res. l\ S.. 1003, p. 44 (reprint).

GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

district, and is known among the miners as “ graphic-spar.” When it
exists in compact masses of uniform texture, it is capable of use as an
ornamental stone, taking a tine polish, with delicate tints and curious
pattern, Vases and other art objects that are very handsome are made
of this material in Russia.

LABRADORITE.

H.= 6, C,—2.72. Color gray, brown, or greenish. Labradorite is
a lime-soda feldspar, containing silica, 53.1; alumina, 30.1: lime, 12.3;
soda, 4.5.

1 lie eleavable kinds often show a munificent play of colors in which
blue and green predominate, while yellow, red, pearl-gray, orange and
amber are apparent. The mineral takes high polish and is then verv
lmmlsome.

Observed in Mariposa County in Yosemite Park, and in San Ber¬
nardino County near Lytle Creek.

Mr. W. H, Trenchard, in a recent communication to the writer, states
that labradorite occurs in the granitic intrusions of the entire gem-
bearing district of southern California, with orthoclasc and oligoclose
feld&pars.

DIOPSIDE,

11. b. C.= 3.2 .1.38. Luster vitreous. Color ranging from white
t inmgh several shades of green to dark green, and even nearly black.
Nhca, 55.6; lime, 25.9; magnesia, 18.5. It is a variety of pyroxene.

Diopside is occasionally cut as a gem. Pyroxene is a common min¬
eral in serpentine and eruptive rocks; the variety diopside occurs in
limestones and serpentines. It is observed in El Dorado County, in
tuu daik gieen crystals near Mud Springs; and in line crystals at the
Cosumnes copper mine.

ENSTATITE,

Bronzite, Hypersthene*

Enstatite. If. - 5.5, G-= 3.10-3.13. Color yellowish, grayish, and
greenish white. Luster vitreous or pearly. Silica, 60; magnesia. 40.

B \ onzite, ■ II, 5,5, G. = 3.1-3.3. Color grayisl \ to o li ve-green an < 1
brown. Part of the magnesia of the enstatite is replaced by iron.

Hypersthene. H- = 6, G. = 3 , 4 - 3 ,5. Color dark, brownish green,
grayish blacky greenish black, pinchbeck brown.

1 hese minerals are all orthorhoiiabic pyroxenes, and when cut ?n

GEMS, JEWELER &’ MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

cnhothon across the fibers, they all afford the catVeye effect. They are
common constituents of pcridotites and serpentines.

Contra Costa County.— Bronzite at Mount Diablo.

San Francisco County. Bronzite at Fort Point and near to Orphan
Asylum.

KUNZITE—SPODUMENE/*

H .^7 74 . G. = 3.1th SiO.- 64.5; AI.O 3 = 27.4; Li-0 = *.4. Sili¬
cate of alumina and lithia.

A most remarkable discovery of transparent lilac-colored and pale
pink to white spodumene has lately been made in California. The
crystals were obtained close to a deposit of colored tourmaline, itself
of notable interest, on Pala Chief Mountain, a mile and a half north¬
east from Pala. in San Diego County. This new discovery is but half a
mile northeast from the celebrated rubellitc and lepidolite localityf on
Pala Mountain, where recent developments have brought to light
immense quantities of amblygonite — this latter species occurring by
the ton, while the lepidolite is estimated by the thousand tons. The
locality is thus unequaled in the world for its abundance of lithia
minerals.

Spodumene has long been known to mineralogists, but only within
recent years has it been ranked among gem-minerals. It is a silicate
of alumina and lithia, rather complex in constitution and peculiarly
liable to alteration, the first effect of which is to destroy its transpar¬
ency, so that most of the spodumene found is opaque and of little or no
beauty. In this condition it is somewhat abundant at several localities
in New England and also in Pennington County. South Dakota, the
crystals often being very large, but dull and unattractive. It began to
be recognized, however, some twenty-five years ago, that all these
crystals had undergone alteration and must originally have been very
beautiful. The change had proceeded from without inward, and at the
center were found portions that still retained the color and transpar¬
ency that once belonged to the whole. Even these remnants, however,

*(D “A New Lilac-Colored Spodumene from Pala, California,"by George Frederick
Kunz, Aim. .). Sci.. Vol. XVI. September, 1903. j»j>. 204-2(57.

(2) “Kunzite: A New Gem," by Charles Baskerville. Science (X. S.). Vol. XVIII,
September 4. 1903, pp. 303-304.

(3) “Spodumene from San Diego County, Calif.," by Waldemur T. Schuller. Bull.
Dept. Geol., Univ. of California, Vol. III. Xo. 13. September. 1903. pp. 2(55-275.

(4) “The Lilac-Colored Spodumene (Kunzite) from California.*' Am. .1. Sci.. Vol.
XVI, October, 1903, p. 335, with remarks 011 Action of Radium on Kunzite, bv Sir
W tlliain Crookes.

(5) George F. Kunz. X. V. Acad. Sciences, “On the Action of Radium.” otr.: Janu¬
ary 4. 1904.

(6) “Gem-minerals of Southern California,” G. F. Kunz. Science(X. S.). Vol. XIX.
p. 472, January 15. PMU, pp. 107-108.

tG. F. Kunz. Mineral Resources of the United States, Washington, D. 0. (reprint),
1893. p. 17; 1899, p. 38; 1!HU, p. 31.

6—MB

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

were so fissured ami marred that they could hardly l>e used for gems;
but they indicated a lost elegance that led the writer to apply to spodu-
mene the expression “a defunct gem. 7 ’ Since then, however, it has
been found in the unaltered state and in several colors at two or three
localities, and has come into recognition as an interesting and beautiful
gem-stone.

The name spodumenc is from the Greek spodos, ashes, from the dull
whitish color of most of the altered crystals. In Europe the mineral is
also frequently called triphane. A transparent yellow variety is known
from Minas Geraes, Brazil, and these specimens have been to some
extent cut into gems. In 1881, Mr. \V. E. Hidden discovered numerous
clear, bright green crystals at Stony Point, Alexander County, North
Carolina, which were found in seeking for emeralds. Their real char¬
acter was not recognized at first, and they were supposed to be evanite
or diopside; but an analysis by Dr. J. Lawrence Smith, of Louisville,
Ivy., showed them to be spodumene. He proposed for this new variety
the name of hiddenite, which it has since borne, and it has also been
called lithia emerald. This discovery excited much interest, and the
new and beautiful American gem at once came into favor. The yield,
however, was limited in amount, and for several years past, because of
litigation and from other causes, the mine has not been worked.

The green hiddenite spodumenes, although extremely beautiful, were
small; but the California crystals are of noble size, as well as very
attractive in their color tones, varying from rich rosy lilac when found
at some depth, to pale or almost colorless nearer the surface doubtless
due to weathering or the action of sunlight in striking contrast to the
rich deep pink-purple of those lower down.

These spodumenes are of remarkable size, transparency, and beauty.
The following are the weights and dimensions of seven of the principal
crystals:

Weight,

Dimensions,

grains.

oz. troy.

centimeters.

No. 1. 528.7

17.1

17 x 11 x 1

No. 2 . 528.7

17.1

22 x 8 x 1.5

No. 3.. 297.0

9.55

19 X 5.5 x 1.5

No. 4 .... 256.6

8.25

23 x 4 x 2

No. 5_ 340.5

10.95

13 x 6 x 2.52

No. 6. 239.5

7.70

18 x 4 x 2

No. 7. 1(00.0

31.0

18 x 8 x 3

They are extraordinary objects to the eye of the mineralogist. To
see fiat spodumenes of characteristic form, as large as a man's hand,
but with bright luster and perfect transparency, and of this delicate
pink-amethystine tint, is a novel and unlooked-for experience, as all
the large crystals of this mineral ever before seen were dull grayish
white, and perfectly opaque. At Branchville, Conn., some of the very
large spodumene crystals, on being broken, were found to have remnants

GEMS, JEWELERS’ MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

at their center, that retained some transparency and an amethystine
color—just enough to indicate something of what their former beauty
had been. The same mineral has now been found in its unaltered state,
and the discovery is of great interest. Prof. Charles Baskerville, of
University of North Carolina, who has from the first been engagec
important studies on these specimens, has proposed for this lilac vari
the name of kunzite,* after the writer, who was the first to determine
it as spodumene.

The chemical composition of these specimens has been carefully
determined by two independent authorities. The results appear in the
analyses here given, of which No. 1 is by Dr. Waldemar T. Schaller.f
of the U. S. Geological Survey, and No. II by Prof. Charles Baskerville
and Mr. R. 0. E. Davis, of the University of North Carolina:J

I. II.

Si0 2 _ ____ ___ <>4.42 (>4.05

27.32 27.30

MiioO,_______15 _

MnO ........... .11

Cut)_ .80

.44

Xi<> .06

6.88

X a 2 0 .30

K 2 6. .03 .06

Ign. .15

Totals____09.51 100.15

Occurrence. —Soon after the first announcement of this remarkable
discovery, the locality was visited and examined by Dr. \\\ T. Schaller,
then of the geological department of the University of California. In
his report he describes the occurrence as follows:g

“The formation in which these tine crystals are found at the Pala
locality consists of a pegmatite dike, dipping westerly at a low angle,
perhaps 20°. It is more or less broken, and as a whole seems to form
the surface of much of the slope of the hill on which it occurs. The
dike is rather broad, but irregular in its present shape, and has a
thickness probably of not more than thirty feet. So far as the mining
developments have shown, only a small portion of the dike is rich in
lithia minerals. Ordinarily, the dike is a coarse muscovite granite, the
orthoelase and quartz predominating, containing many rounded prisms
of black tourmaline, with broken ends. Lepidolite occasionally seems
to replace the muscovite and when it does, red, blue, and green tour¬
malines replace the black variety. It is with these gem-tourmalines

■ Science (X. S .). Vol. XVIII, No. 304, September 4, 1903, p. 303.

4 Bull. Dept. Geo!. Univ. Cal., Vol. Ill, Sept., 1903, pp. 265-275.

; Am. J. Sei. (4), Vol. XVIII. July, l!M>3.

$ Loe. eit.

GEMS, JEWELERS 5 MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

that the spodumene occurs. While the tourmaline and lepidolite are
frequently inclosed in the quartz and feldspar, no such inclusions of
spodumene have been found. The latter mineral always occurs asso¬
ciated with the other minerals, but never penetrating them or pene¬
trated by them. It occurs in pockets, and these facts seem to indicate
that the formation of the spodumene is later and not coincident, in time
of formation, with the tourmalines and with the dike. The dike cuts
across the large intrusion of dark rock occurring at Pala and briefly
mentioned by Dr. II. W. Fairbanks.* This large body of dark rock,
several miles across, is surrounded on all sides by granite. The dark
rock forming the foot-wall of the dike in which the spodumene occurs
is a diorite, consisting of hornblende, a plagioclase, and (subordinate)
orthoclase with accessory magnetite and apatite.”

It will be seen bv comparing this account with the general intro¬
ductory statement already given, of the geological character of the San
Diego-Riverside lithia and gem region, that the features here are those
characteristic of most of the mines referred to, where gem-tourmalines
and other rare and interesting species occur. The kunzite variety of
spodumene is now found at several points in San Diego and Riverside
counties in connection with the richly colored tourmalines. Although
this particular locality on Pala Chief Mountain is the most prominent
one, and has yielded most of the fine material, yet it was not the first
at which kunzite was met with. Specimens of this mineral first
reached the writer and were identified, in December, 1902, through
Messrs. Tiffany A t Co., from Mr. Frederick M. Sickler, who thought them
perhaps a variety of tourmaline. Their exact locality was not given.
In August, 1903, he announced that they came from the White Queen
mine, near Pala. The crystals, though much smaller in size, are similar
to those obtained soon afterwards from the Pala Chief.

Mr. Sickler, an explorer long familiar with the region, claims to have
been the original discoverer of this mineral some years before, jointly
with his father, Mr. M. M. Sickler; but its composition was not known,
and from its association with tourmaline it was regarded as a peculiar
variety of that species, although with some question if it were not a new
mineral. Mr. Sickler visited Los Angeles in the summer of 1902, and
tried in every way to find out from jewelers, mineralogists, and libra¬
ries, what the crystals might be, but without success. His discovery of
the mineral, however, at the White Queen mine, on the ridge east of
the Pala Chief, now known as Heriart Mountain, seems to be clearly
entitled to priority.

During 1902 and 1903, much exploration and prospecting were
carried on in this section by two Basque Frenchmen, Bernardo Heriart
and Pedro Pei letch, as well as by the Messrs. Sickler, father and son;

* Eleventh Report State Mineralogist (Cal.).

GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA,

and several claims were located by them, both jointly and separately,
at points where kimzite and other interesting associated minerals
were found. Most of these were on the eastern ridge, named after
Bernardo Iteriart; but the most important of all was the great kunzite

ILL. No 21 KUNZITK CRYSTAL, SICKLER MIXES, IIERfART
M 0 U _\ T A J X . F J A L A, S A X DI EG 0 C O U N T Y ,

and tourmaline mine on Pa la Chief Mountain, which was located in
May, 1903, by the two Frenchmen, with Messrs. John Guldens and
Frank A* Salmons, The latter has been especially active in the subse¬
quent development of this mine, which lias furnished most of the fine
kunzite that has thus far been placed on the market. The actual dis-

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

covery of this kunzite mine must probably be credited to Heriart and
Pei letch, early in 1903; although, as above stated, Mr. Sickler had found
the mineral previously at the White Queen mine. It is also claimed
that they and Mr. Sickler had located another kunzite claim some
months before, on Ileriart Mountain; this may be the same as the
White Queen, or the Caterina.

On Heriart Mountain, which appears to be a foothill or spur of
Agua Tibia Mountain, there are numerous dikes instead of one or two
great ones, as on the Pala ridges. Many outcrops and openings show
lepidolite, and several show kunzite at various points on the ends and
on both sides of the ridge. Eleven claims are located and more or less
developed. These are the following:*

San Pedro claim, north end; by Bernardo Heriart and Pedro Peiletch;
lepidolite and gem-spodumene.

Sempe claim, crest and west slope; by the same; lepidolite, beryl,
and colored tourmaline.

Anita claim, west side; Heriart and his partner; lepidolite.

Caterina •claim, south side; Heriart and M. M. Sickler; lepidolite,
amblygonite, and gem-spodumene at two openings.

El Molino claim, south side; F. M. and M. M. Sickler; gem-tour-
malines.

Center Drive claim, south side; by the same; beryl and gem-tour¬
malines.

White Queen claim, south side; F. M. Sickler; lepidolite, beryl, and
spodumene. This is the locality of the first kunzite crystals that
reached the writer in 1902, as above mentioned.

Heriart claim, south and east side; M. M. and F. M. Sickler: lepido¬
lite and gem-tourmalines.

Vanderburg claim,south slope; >1. M. Sickler; lepidolite, beryl,gem-
tourmaline, and gem-spodumene.

Naylor claim, east slope; F. M. and M. M. Sickler; lepidolite and
gem-spodumene.

In .addition to these the Sieklers, father and son, own the Fargo
claim, on the west slope, which is promising, but hardly developed.
They have recently reported the ‘finding of a very line, deep-colored
crystal of kunzite, almost flawless, measuring 12.5 by 8 bv 3 centi¬
meters, at one of their newer claims on this mountain, 20 feet in tin-
ledge and 16 feet from the surface.

In the coarse upper portion of all these pegmatite veins, a great
variety of minerals have been developed. Mr. Sickler enumerates the
following: Quartz—ordinary, milky, smoky, rose, and amethystine,
also hyalite; orthoclase; albite; pyroxene; hornblende, green and black:
spodumene—colorless, straw-yellow, lilac, and green; beryl—colorless.

* Min. lies. U. 8., 1903, p. 942.

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC*, OP CALIFORNIA,

green, yellow, and rose; garnet; epklote; tourmaline—black and of
many colors; micas- lepidolite, muscovite, blotite, damourite, and
cookeite: niontmorillonite; amblygonite; triphylite; and among the
metallic oxides, hematite; sulphides, pyrite and molybdenite; bismuth,
native and the oxide; also apatite, siderite, and columbite.

Tho peculiar reddish clayey substance, heretofore called inontmoril-
lonite, that occupies the cavities in which nearly all the gem-minerals
are found, has recently been shown to he really a form of halloysite,
by Dr. W. T. Schaller *

Kiuizite has also been found in Riverside County, at the Fano mine,
near Coal mi la, which was located in 1902 by Mr. Bert Simmons, and
for some time bore his name. It occurs here both pink and colorless,
chiefly, also some reported as yellow, green, and blue, associated with
tourmalines of flue deep blue, green, and other shades, beryl, quartz
crystals, lepidolite and amblygonite. The location is about 20 miles
northeast from Pala, on a spur of the San Jacinto range, in Section 33,
T. 6 S., R. 2 E,, S. R M.

The White Queen crystals (those that first came to the writer)* are
usually smaller than those from Pala Chief, sometimes perfectly color¬
less, and varying from half an inch or less to two inches in length by
one inch in breadth. Some are elegant specimens and some could be
cut i nto gems. The hardness is about 7. They are perfectly Iran spa rent
and remarkably free from flaws, and possess the sped union e pleochroism
very markedly. Looked at transversely, the lilac ones are nearly
colorless, or faintly pink; but longitudinally they present a rich pale
lavender color, almost amethystine. The characteristic etching is also
well developed, especially on the pyramidal faces; but the surfaces are
dull, and are etched all over as if with a solvent.

Two crystals, the largest and another one, from the lirst lot received,
gave the following measurements :

(u) 53 mm. (2£ in.) and 35 min. (]§ in.).

(6) 37 mm. (U in,) and 27 mm. in.).

(r) H mm. in.) and 15 mm. ( in.}.

The specific gravity determined on three crystals was found to be

S.188.f

We i gh t, £ ra i ns. Speed fie G ra v i t y ,

Spodumcne: LiiWftdcr__20*393 3.179

Yellow-white ____ 8.359 3.185

Lavender -... ______ 10.872 3.187

Since then, larger' crystals have been found, some comparable to those
from the Pala Chief, one in particular weighing 24 ounces, and many
gems from this district have been cut in San Diego. The product of the
Pala Chief mine is all sent to New York.

* Am, J. Sci. <4), Vol. XVII, March, 1904, p. 191.
f Mui. Res. P. S M 1903, pp. 939,940.

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

By ii mere coincidence, just at the time when this mineral had come
into notice, in the summer and autumn of 1903, an extended investi¬
gation on certain optical properties of the gem-minerals in the Tiffanv-
Morgan and Benient collections in the American Museum of Natural
History. New York, had been undertaken jointly by the writer and
Prof. Charles Baskerville, of the ITiiversity of North Carolina, and
was then in progress. This new mineral, just announced, proved to
have specially marked and interesting peculiarities in connection with
these experiments. Dr. Baskerville published a paper in relation to
his observations, in the first of which he proposed to name this variety
of spodumene after the writer, and described the special properties
which he had observed in it.* In a second paper is given a fuller
account of the subject, with the results of further studies, conducted
with the writer.f

From this we quote: “In a recent investigation made by us on the
behavior of a large number of minerals and gems with various forms
of radiant energy, including the emanations, as well as on the produc¬
tion of luminescence in some cases by other physical means, the new
variety of spodumene, designated kunzite, was found to be peculiarly
sensitive, and to exhibit some remarkable properties.

“In general, as shown by these investigations, the gem-minerals
were little affected bv ultra-violet rays; but three species exhibited a
high degree of responsiveness to these and to all forms of radio-activity,
so far experimented with. These minerals were diamonds of certain
kinds: willernite (zinc orthosilicate), which in some cases has been
used as a gem-stone, and kunzite. The behavior of the last, as noted
in various experiments, is unique and will be briefly described bore
by itself.

“1. Attrition find Heat. —Kunzite does not become luminous by
attrition, or rubbing. Several specimens were held on a revolving buff
cloth making three thousand revolutions per minute, so hot as to be
almost unbearable to the hand, and still it failed to become luminous.
Wollastonite, willernite, and pectolite are, however, very tribo-lumi-
nescent.

“As to luminescence induced by heat alone, it was found that kunzite
does possess the property of thermo-luminescence to some extent,
with an orange tint and at a low degree of heat.”

It may here be noted that an observation made by Dr. \V r . T.
Schaller indicates that kunzite does clearly show tribo-luminescence in
certain cases.* He states particularly, as an interesting observation,
that on cutting a crystal with a diamond saw, it became thoroughly
luminous. This result may perhaps have been partly electrical.

Science ( N. S.), Vol. XVIII, 1903, pp< 304 and 760.

+ Am. ,J. Sci. (4), Vol. XVII I. July, 1904, pp, 26-28.

I Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. Calif., Vol. Ill, Sept., 1903, pp. 205-275.

KUNZJTE. Crystal No. 1.

Phosphorescing while being held between two poles of a static machine.

GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

Continuing from the joint paper:

“2. Electricity .—The mineral assumes a static charge of electricity,
like topaz, when rubbed with a woolen cloth. On exposing kunzite
crystals of different sizes to the passage of an oscillating current obtained
from large Helmholtz machines, the entire crystal glowed an orange-
pink, temporarily losing the lilac color, A well-defined, brilliant line
of light appeared through the center, apparently in the path of the cur¬
rent. On discontinuing the current, the crystal gave the appearance
of a glowing coal. It was not hot, however, and the phosphorescence
lasted for forty-five minutes.

“Three large crystals, weighing 200, 300 and 400 grams each, were
attached to copper wires so that the current passed in one instance
from below up, and from the other upwards across the crystal—first
across the prism, then parallel with the prism. In each instance the
crystals became distinctly luminous, a pate orange-pink, and between
the two wires a bright almost transparent line passed from one wire to
the other; in reality, as if the two elongated cones crossed each other,
the line of the path being transparent at the sides, whereas the rest of
the crystals appeared translucent. After the exposure of two minutes,
they were laid upon photographic plates and in live minutes produced
a fine autoprint, herewith shown. The crystals continued to glow for
fc > r t y -five m i n ute s,

“When a cut gem is suspended between the two poles, it becomes an
intense orange-pink color, glowing with wonderful brilliancy. The dis¬
charge seemed as if it would tear the gem asunder, although actually it
was unaffected,

“3. Ultra-violet Roys— These invisible rays, produced by sparking a
high voltage current between iron terminals, caused large crystals of
kunzite, white, pink, or lilac, to phosphoresce for some minutes. The
white responded most readily.

“4. Roentgen, or X, Rays. —All forms of kunzite become strongly phos¬
phorescent under these rays. An exposure of half a minute caused
three cut gems to glow first a golden pink, and then white for ten min¬
utes. The glow was visible through two thicknesses of white paper,
which was held over it. A large crystal (2x4x10 cm.) excited for five
minutes, afterwards affected a sensitive photographic plate and produced
an autoprint: it rested directly on the plate, separated by thin white
paper, and remained for ten minutes in a dark room inclosed in a
black box.* Another crystal, exposed for ten minutes, was laid for
five minutes on a sensitive plate.f The resulting auto-photograph was
clear and distinct, but presented a very curious aspect not seen by the

* Science (X. S,}, Vol. XVIII, 1903, p, 80S.

t This was made by Dr. If. Gk Piffard, of New York Oily, and is shown of natural-dae
• in the accompanying plate. (See page 89*)

GEMS, JEWELERS’ MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

eye—as of a misty or feathery outflow from the side and termination of
the crystal, suggesting an actual picture of the invisible lines of force.
The other varieties of spodumene, both mineral material and cut gems,
failed to show this property.

u Although kunzite is so responsive and fluorescent and so beautiful
upon exposure to the X-ray, it is, however, like all silicates, opaque
to the ray itself. Four crystals weighing 100, 200. and 400 grams each,
were exposed to the Roentgen ray for two minutes. They became first
a beautiful rose-orange, then assumed a white phosphorescence, and at
the end of forty-five minutes there was still a faint residual glow. Two
minutes’ exposure to the X-ray caused them to print a perfect autotype.
The glow in all instances showed first a rose-orange color, then a pale
pink, finally resolving into a white fluorescence; the autoprint shows
the feathery outlines of light or energy thrown out by the crystal.

“5. Conduct with Radium Preparations . Exposed for a few minutes
to radium bromide with a radio-active strength of 300,000 and 1,800,000
(uranium being taken as unity), the mineral becomes wonderfully phos¬
phorescent, the glow continuing persistently after the removal of the
source of excitation. The bromide was confined in glass. Six hundred
grams of kunzite crystals were thus excited with 127 milligrams of the
radium bromide in five minutes. The effect is not produced instantane¬
ously but is cumulative, and after a few moments’ exposure the mineral
begins to glow, and its phosphorescence is pronounced after the removal
of the radio-active body. The luminosity continued in the dark for
some little time after the radium was taken away. Xo other varieties
of spodumene examined, including hiddenitc, gave like results. In this
respect, as with tlie Roentgen ray, the kunzite variety stands by itself.

'When pulverized kunzite is mixed with radium-barium chloride of
240 activity or carbonate of lower activity, the mixed powder becomes
luminous and apparently remains so permanently; i. c., in several
months no loss has been observed. The same is the case if pulverized
wollastonite or pectolite be used instead of the kunzite. When either
of these mixtures is put in a Bologna flask and laid on a heated metal
plate (less than red-hot), the powder becomes incandescent and remains
so for a long time after removal.

“ These three minerals phosphoresce by heat alone, as was mentioned
above in regard to kunzite. Perhaps this luminosity of the mixed pow¬
ders at the ordinary temperature may be accounted for in part by the
evolution of heat* on the part of the radium compounds, but there are
experimental reasons which cause us to reject such explanation for the
total effect.

“The emanations of radium, the alpha- rays, according to Ruther¬
ford,! are condensed at a temperature of —130° to- 140 c 0. The

* P. Curie and Laborde, Comi>tes Rend.. CXXXVI, 673. t Phil. Mag., V. 501.

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

emanations were driven from radium chloride by heat and condensed
with liquid air on a number of kunzite crystals, and no phosphorescence
icns obserred. Consequently hunzite responds only to the gamma-rays,
which are believed to be virtually Roentgen rays.

*T». Actinium* —A sample of the still more rare and novel substance
discovered by Professor Debierne* and received from him through the
courtesy of Professor Curie, was also tried as to its action upon kunzite
and some other minerals. The actinium oxide, with an activity of
10,000 according to the uranium standard, gave off profuse emanations
and affected diamonds, kunzite, and willemite in a manner similar to
the radium salts, with quite as much after-continuance. However, we
have not tried the condensation of these emanations upon the minerals
by refrigeration.

“The peculiar properties of the kunzite variety of spoduinene, which
have been enumerated, have not been observed in any other of the gems
or gem-minerals that we have examined. It is barely possible that the
small content of manganese may have much to do with it, but from our
present knowledge basing a chemical explanation thereon is idle.”

Prof. William Crookes, the eminent English physicist, conducted
some similar experiments on the behavior of kunzite with radium bro¬
mide and obtained identical results, as stated bv him in a letter to the
writer in October, 1903.

Magnificent series of the finest crystals and large cut gems of kunzite
are in the Morgan collection in the American Museum of Natural His¬
tory (see plate), and in the Morgan collection in the Musee d'Jlistoire
Naturelle, Paris. A fine cut gem and fine crystals are also in the British
Museum, London.

Use of Kunzite in Jewelry. Kunzite has now been cut and sold as
a gem for more than a year, and has been received with much favor as
a new and a wholly American gem. At first it was feared that it might
be difficult to cut, as many specimens, being mistaken for a variety of
tourmaline, were ruined in the attempt to cut them, because of their
strong tendency to cleavage. But the fact that kunzite spodumene has a
facile cleavage in one direction, as have topaz and diamond, was soon
understood by lapidaries who were familiar with the cutting of the
hiddenitc variety or of the yellow spodumene and topaz from Brazil.

The result is that there has been no difficulty in having the gem cut
into every form brilliant, degree-top, mixed brilliant, and other
styles—and of sizes weighing from 1 to 150 carats each. In color they
vary from almost white with a faint pink tone through pink and lilac
pink into dark lilac. An English writer has called it “peach-blossom.”
The gem is remarkably brilliant, no matter what the color. It is usually

Conipt. Rend., CXXIX, 593.

PLATE II

KUNZITE, PA LA, CALIFORNIA.

Morgan Collection, American Museum of Natural History, New York.

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

perfect and free from flaws, and, when pink, is one of the few natural
stones of that color. As a lilac gem it is quite unique. The price has
varied from $6 to $20 per carat, although generally it has averaged one
third of the latter figure.

VESUVIANITE.

Idocrase. Califormte.

11. = 0.o. G.= 3.35-3.45. Color brown to green in various shades.

A calcium alumina silicate. Fuses easily to a brown glass.

Californite (Vesuvianite).* A discovery has been recently made of
a mineral which promises well as an addition to the increasing list of
semi-precious or ornamental stones found in the United States. It is
not indeed a new mineral species, but a compact massive variety of
vesuvianite (idocrase). It was first announced in the report of the
U. S. Geological Survey for 1901, by the writer,! as having been found by
Dr. A. E. Heigh way, on land owned by him on the south fork of Indian
Creek, 12 miles from Happy Camp and 90 miles from Yreka, in Siski¬
you County. Here a hard and handsome stone, varying from olive to
almost grass-green, and taking a fine polish, outcrops for some 200 feet
along a hillside about 100 feet above the creek, and large masses have
fallen into the bed of the creek below. It was at first supposed to be
jade (nephrite), but proves upon analysis to be vesuvianite. The fallen
pieces were in some cases as much as five feet square and two feet thick,
of excellent quality for polishing, and of varying shades of light to
dark green. The associated rock is precious serpentine.

This substance closely resembles a mineral from two localities in the
Alps,on the south side of the Piz Longhin, in the Bergellthal. and found
in rolled pieces in the bed of the stream called the Ordlegna, near
Casaccia, in the Upper Engadine. These were at first taken for jadeite,*
but were positively identified as vesuvianite by the analysis of lh*r-
werth.g It seems at first remarkable that tie* same mistake should
have been made in both cases as to this massive vesuvianite, but its
whole aspect is so jade-like that it is not surprising. The rich trans¬
lucent green color, fine-grained sub-splintery fracture, and brilliant
luster when polished all strongly suggest jade. The polished surface
shows minute pale streaks or fiocculi, which still further heighten the
resemblance.

The following analysis was made by Mr. George Steiger, through
Prof. F. W. Clarke, Chief Chemist of the U. S. Geological Survey, in
the spring of the present year:

*X. Y. Acad. Sciences, October 1!), 1JJ0&; N. V. Min. Club, October 20, 1JJ03.

t Mineral Resources of tin* United States (extract), 1001. p. 30.

t Fellenberg, Jahrb. Min., Vol. I, 1880, p. 103.

$Ann. Mas. Wien, Vol. IV. 1889, p. 87.

94 GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

Analysis of Vesuvianite, from Siskiyou County, California.

SiOo .... ....-.35.85

ALO,. 18.35

OftO.-. ... .- 33.51

3fo s Og.. 1.67

FeO.. 31)

MgO__ . . __ 5,43

MnO. .05

TiP. in

P 2 p 5 ... ...-__ .02

H 2 0 (below 100° G.) .20

£r a O (above 100® O.)__... ........ ___ 4.18

99.84

The analysis is essentially that of a normal vesuvianite, though the
percentage of water is unusually high; the lime and the iron are below
the average; the titanium and phosphorus are exceptional occurrences.

The mineral is compact, extremely tough, and readily takes a high
polish, quite as beautiful as that of nephrite (jade), with which it was
at first confounded. The hardness is 6.5, and the specific gravity (from
two determinations), 3.286. The luster is vitreous, often inclining to
resinous, and the streak white. The color is a yellow leek-green, with
inclusions of a darker green, generally more translucent than the sur¬
rounding mass.

What appears to be the same mineral has recently been announced
from two other localities quite remote from the first. One of these was
reported by that indefatigable prospector, Mr. Max Braverman, of
Visalia, as existing in Burro Valley, in Fresno County, a mile and a
half from Hawkins school house, and 32 miles east of Fresno City. The
material is pale olive-green, translucent, with darker spots in a paler
mass. It breaks with an uneven fracture, slightly splintery and partly
crystalline, and hence much resembles the Siskiyou County material.

The other locality is apparently not far from the last mentioned; it
is said to be in Tulare County, near the town of Selma, which, though
in Fresno County, is near the Tulare line. Here the mineral is of
richer color, at times resembling the tint of apple-green chrysoprase,
for which it was at first mistaken.

The following analysis was made of this material by Mr. George
Steiger, through Prof. F. W. Clarke, Chief Chemist of the 1. S.
Geological Survey:

Analysis of “ Californite ” from Fresno County. California.

Si0 2 _ 36.55

A1 gO ... 18.89

CaO. 35.97

Fe 2 0 3 . 74

Feb .74

MgO 2.33

<•<>.. .91

F. .13

IUO (below 100°C.). . .... .58

H gO (above 100° C.)..--- - 3.42

100.29

GEMS, JEWELERS 9 MATERIALS; ETC, jt OF CALIFORNIA.

It will be seen on comparing this analysis with that of the Siskiyou
County mineral^ that they accord quite closely in essentials. In this
case the carbon dioxide and fluorine are exceptional and doubtless due
to impurities, as the titanic and phosphoric oxides were in the other
case.

This interesting mineral exists in large quantity, and could he cut
into a variety of ornaments, in the same way as jade, nephrite, and
ehry sop rase. It is a form of vesuvianite distinctive enough to receive
a special variety name which if appropriate and euphonious, would
undoubtedly aid the sale of the stone in the arts. I have therefore
proposed for it the name of st Cq£ifonrile, 7}

Vesnvianite of gem quality, that is to say,, in transparent crystals,
was found by Mr. \V\ H, Trenehard as occurring near Jaeumba, San
Vicente, and some other points in that part of San Diego County.

PECTOLITE.

][. 5. G.—2.7-2.8. Color white. Usually fibrous radiated, also

compact massive. Silicaj 54.2: lime, 33.8;: soda, 9,3; water, 2.7.

During 1887 a massive white peetolite of unusually dense structure,
and susceptible of a high polish, was announced by William P. Blake
as occurring in Tehama County. Cal., in masses of considerable size.
In a letter to the writer he gives the following description of it:* “It
occurs in a vein, and is broken out in rough tabular masses, from two
to three or more inches in thickness, but it is reported thatmuch larger
masses can be obtained. It is exceedingly tough and hard to break.
The fractured surfaces are irregular, without cleavage, hut have a silky
luster, and a crypto-crystalline structure is exhibited in extremely fine
inseparable fibres, which are radial, curved, and interlaced, and are,
perhaps, embedded in a siliceous magma, but the fibres constitute the
bulk of the mass. Color white, with a delicate shade of sea-green;
translucent. Exposed or weathered portions Lose their porcelain-like
translueeney, and become white and somewhat earthy in appearance,
and exhibit the crypto-fibrous structure with more distinctness. Speci¬
mens cut and polished across the end of a slab-like mass show on one
side a narrow selvage of breccia made up of fragments of the peetolite
and of a dark-colored rock, mixed and firmly cemented together. On
the opposite side or border of the mass there are distinctly formed
parallel planes of concentric layering, from the surfaces of which the
fibres diverge. These layers and the breed a ted border opposite show
the vein-like formation of the mass between walls. Its hardness is
from 6 to 6,5. It may be found useful as an ornamental stone for

* Oeorge F, Kiniz, *‘Genig ttnd Precious Stones of North America,” iSSMi. \t. 178.

GEMS, JEWELERS * MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

making small objects, cups, plates, handles, or for carving figures. «>r
inlaid work.”

Massive pectolite, similar to the above, is also found at Fort Point
San Francisco, in veins reaching several inches in diameter *

AXINITE.

H.”6.5-7. G. 3.3. Luster highly vitreous or glassy. Color*
brovvn, plum-blue, violet, pearl-grav, honey-yellow and greenish y< ll\>w.
Strongly pleochroic.

A complex silicate of alumina, calcium, and manganese, with sour* iron
and magnesia, and containing also from 5 to 6 per cent of boric acid
and 14 per cent of water. Occasionally cut for ornamental purposes.

Inyo and San Bernardino Counties. —Axinite was found in several
places in Death Valley, in the Funeral Range and Owl Mountains, by
the State Mining Bureau expedition of 1902.

San Diego County. —Quite recently (1904) a locality has been dis¬
covered by Mr. Thomas A. Freeman, near Bonsall, where axinite crystals
occur that are of remarkable beauty; in color they are a smoky pink,
or "ashes of roses” tint, brilliant and perfectly transparent, and would
cut into attractive gems. The crystals are stated to be quite abundant,
occurring in pockets, with crystallized quartz. The locality lies about
18 miles south of Pala and 20 miles west of Julian. No work has been
done upon it lately; but as axinite is a rare mineral, the occurrence is
very interesting, and it should he further developed.

JADE.

A general term applied to various mineral substances of tough, com¬
pact texture, and from nearly white to a dark green color, and oven
nearly black. Properly, its use should be confined to Xrphritr and
Jadeite , but it is often applied to certain forms of minerals more or less
resembling these, such as sillimanito, pectolite, serpentine, vesuvianite.

Jadeite. —II. = 6.5-7. G. 3.3. Silicate of sodium and aluminum.
Color apple-green to emerald-green, bluish green, leek-green, greenish
white to nearly white. Extremely tough. Also known as f'hloro-
melanite , when dark.

Nephrite (or Kidney stone).—II. = 6-6.5. G.= 2.9 3.1. Color from

white to dark green. A variety of actinolite or hornblende. Tough
and compact.

Minerulogical Notes by A. S. Kakle. Bull. Dept. Geol. Unis’, of Cal.. Yol. II, N< lu.

GEMS, JEWELERS , MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

The lack of brilliancy makes it of little value for jewelry except as
bracelets, but its great toughness renders it eminently suitable for orna¬
mental and carved work, displaying delicacy of workmanship admirably.

Mariposa County. —Hacked quartz, a peculiar quartz which has a
resinous luster and contains dense inclusions of the mineral mariposite
(a green mica), has been shipped to China in considerable quantities,
the pleasing green color making it a good substitute for the jade so
highly prized by the Chinese.

DATOLITE.

II. 5. G. ~ *2.98. Color white, creamy, grayish, pale green, yel¬
lowish, reddish or amethystine. In small glassy crystals to massive.
Silica, 37.6; boric acid, *21.8; lime, 35.0; water, 5.6.

This is another of the mineralogical gems of considerable interest, as
it exists in a number of places in the desert portions of the State.

Inyo and San Bernardino Counties. —Datolite of a creamy color, and
pale green, is found in the borax districts of both of these counties,
notably in Death Valley and at various points along the Amargosa
River; in the Slate range, and in the Calico Mountains. A specimen
from San Carlos, Inyo County, associated with grossularite, is in the
State Mining Bureau, No. 2190.

Crystallized datolite, as well as the compact massive variety, occurs
at Fort Point, San Francisco.*

APOPHYLLITE.

Fish-eye Stone. Ichthyophthalmite.

Li.--5 or less. G.— 2.33. Color from white to gray; occasionally
tinged with green, pink or yellow. Luster pearly to vitreous. Silica,
53.7; lime, 25.0; potash, 5.2; water, 16.1; and occasionally a small
amount of fluorine.

Occasionally cut for gem purposes. Its pearly luster, producing an
effect like that of a fish’s eye, gave rise to the name “fish-eye stone."

Occurs in basalt at Buckeye mine, near Orion Valley, Plumas County;
New Almaden quicksilver mines, Santa Clara County, and atJ^Fort
Point, San Francisco County, some of the crystals being replaced by
silica.

* Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. of California, Yol. II, No. H>.

,—MB

GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS* ETC., OP CALIFORNIA.

LAPIS LAZULI*

Lazurite* Native Ultramarine*

H.= 5.5. G.= 2,38-2.4- Color rich Berlin blue, azure blue, violet

blue, greenish blue. Translucent- Silica, 31,7; alumina, 26.9; soda,
27*3; sulphur, 16*9. Occurs commonly massive in limestone and in
granite rock.

Lapis lazuli was long thought to be a simple mineral but it consists
of a mixture of a bluish substance called lazurite. with gx*antilar onlcitc,
sea polite, diopskle, ompbilwde, mica, pyrite, etc.

The richly colored kinds are highly esteemed for costly vases, mosaics
and ornamental work.

Mono County. Near Mono Lake,

Lazulite, or False Lapis Lazuli, is n rather complex phosphate of
alumina and magnesia, with some water. II.— 6,6, (b=3* Color

azure blue.

San Diego County, -The first specimen of this mineral noted in Cali¬
fornia was found near Oceanside in 1893. S. M. B. 13591.

ANDALUSITE,

Chiastolite* Made.

H,== 7.5. C.= 8,2. Luster vitreous, often dull. Brittle; cleavage

prismatic and distinct. Orthorhombic. Color varies from reddish or
greenish brown to olive-green, flesh-red. rose-red, violet and pearl-gray,
Pleochroism strong in some colored varieties, green in one direction,
and hyacinth to rose-red in another. The variety Chiastolite or Made
varies in hardness from 5 to 7*5, Silica, 37; alumina, 68. Trans¬
parent to opaque.

Chiastolite or Macle is a variety of undalusite, the stout crystals
having the axis and angles of a different color from the rest, hence
exhibiting a colored cross or a tessellated appearance in a transverse
section. These curious cross-like markings make it a favorite gem
abroad, although there is but little demand for it in this country. It is
often sold by jewelers under the name of £< cross-stone. 7T

Fresno County. —The specimen No. 8747 in the museum of the State
Mining Bureau is from this county ; locality unknown.

Madera County,— Location unknown. Specimens shown are of fine
quality and remarkable size. Fragments of crystals found by W, \V.
Jefferis are over 3 inches long and measure If by inches in diameter

GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

on the ends, the section being a rhombic prism. When polished, the
stones show the peculiar cross-pattern in a rich black upon a white or
fine salmon-colored ground, and sometimes with a black square or
lozenge at the center, from which the arms of the cross extend.

Mariposa County. —Choice crystals have been found in the placers
along the Chowchilla River, near the old road to Fort Miller, the crystals
showing fine black crosses on a white ground in a remarkably perfect
manner. They are also found in the conglomerates that Cap the hills in
that vicinity and probably come from the slates and schists a little
higher up the river. Specimen No. 10750, State Mining Bureau, has a
matrix of argillaceous schist, with mica. Small and imperfect macles
have been found in the slates at Muller's ranch near Hornitos. S. M. B.
13573.

Riverside County. -Specimens of opaque pink andalusite from
Coahuila.

EPIDOTE.

Including Thulite, Allanite, Zoisite*

Epidote. —H. 6 7. G.= 3.2 5. Luster vitreous to resinous. Color

peculiar yellow-green, to red, yellow, gray and colorless. Doubly
refracting and strongly pleochroic, showing a green, a brown, and a
yellow as viewed from the several directions. Silica, 38; alumina, 22;
iron, 15; lime, 23; water 2. hut variable.

Thulite. II. 6.5. G.—3.3. Color peach-blossom red to rose-red.

Strongly pleochroic, rose to yellow.

Allanite. II. 5.5 6. (».-■-3.0 4.2. Crystals broadly tabular, or

long acicular. Color nearly black.

Zoisite. H.= 6 6.5. CJ. 3.25 3.37. Color gray, yellowish brown,
greenish gray, apple-green.

Epidotes are common in gneiss, schist and serpentine, and in sand¬
stones adjoining trap rocks, in crystalline limestone.

Calaveras County.— Epidote crystals on quartz from Bald Point,
Mokclumne River. S. M. B. 11856*

Lake County. —Zbisite associated with glaucophane at Sulphur Banks.

Mariposa County. —At Mount Iloffman. epidote. S. M. B. 12006.

Madera County. — From (5rub Gulch. S. M. B. 13525.

San DIego County. — Found in clear transparent crystals at the
McFall mine. 7A miles southwest of Ramona. These are extremely
beautiful and some could be well cut for gems, of rich yellow-green

100

GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

color. The crystals resemble in form those from Achmatovsk in the
Ural, and are as perfect, brilliant, and transparent as those from
Untersulzbachthal in the Austrian Tyrol. They are found in associa¬
tion with essonite garnet and quartz.

AGALMAT OLITE.

II.= 2.5. G.= 2.81. Color grayish, grayish green, brownish and

yellowish.

Agalmatolite, or Pagodite—a name given to some compact varieties
of pinite (mica), pyrophyllite, and steatite is like ordinary massive
pinite in its amorphous texture and luster, but contains more silica.
The name is from the Greek “agalma,” an image.

The Chinese carve the soft stone into miniature pagodas, images, etc.

El Dorado County. A beautiful ornamental stone resembling the
Chinese figure-stone is found two miles west of Greenwood, in a vein
from six inches to a foot in thickness. S. M. B. 5300.

San Luis Obispo County. —A stone similar to this has been found in
this county, but the location has been lost. S. M. B. 4000.

LEPIDOLITE*

Lithia Mica*

II. 2.5-4. G.= 2.84 3. Luster pearly. Color rose-red, violet-gray,

lilac, yellowish, grayish white, translucent. A complex silicate of
alumina, lithia, potash, etc.; containing also fluorine and water. In
rhombic crystals or plates, or compact granular massive.

The massive variety is used to some extent for ornaments, such as
ash-trays, dishes, vases, paper-weights, etc.

Inyo County.— Pink and white lepidolite, with azurite from the vein
matter of Half-Dollar mine. S. M. B. 4262.

San Diego County. The largest deposit of lepidolite in the United
States is found at Pala. It dips with a pegmatite vein at an angle of
15 degrees. The average percentage of lithia is from 3 to 5. This vein
also carries pink tourmaline or rubellite. Eleven hundred tons, worth
$27,500, were shipped in 1901 from the Stewart mine. S. M. B. 1229.
Another vein undeveloped has been discovered in the west side of Mount
San Jacinto. S. M. B. 2773. Large bodies of lepidolite have also been
uncovered at Mesa Grande and at. Oak Grove, and the mineral is a con¬
stant associate of the gem-tourmaline and kunzite at all the mines
where those species occur in that region. For further data, see Kunzite
and Tourmaline.

GEMS, JEWELERS’ MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

101

The Pala are the greatest known deposits of lithia minerals known,
and the product is used by the American Lithia Company of New York
to obtain the lithia from it for lithia tablets and other medicinal uses.

The California State Mining Bureau exhibited in the Mines building,
Louisiana Purchase Exposition, a magnificent pagoda, and walls of
some exhibits were made out of wonderful specimens of this rubellited
lepidolite. This beautiful lilac lepidolite and pink tourmaline combina¬
tion is susceptible of a high polish and can be readily worked and
turned, so that it ought to find a ready market for such objects as vases,
dishes, pin-trays, paper-weights, etc.

IJ. No. 21. ENTRANCE TO LEPIDOLITE MINE AT PALA. SAN DIEGO COUNTV
LEPIDOLITE AND RUB ELUTE.

CHRYSOCOLLA.

H. 2 4. (L=2 2.2. Color mountain-green, bluish green, sky-blue,

turquoise-blue, translucent to opaque. Hydrated silicate of copper.

This mineral when coated with or contained in quartz or chalcedony
is occasionally cut as a gem.

Inyo County. In pseudomorphs after cerussite at the Aries mine,
Cerro Uordo.

Kern County.— Beautiful crystals have been found near Randshurg
that were mistaken for turquoise.

102

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

Plumas County. —Chrysocolla and malachite in alternating layers at
Engels copper mine, Light Canon. S. M. B. 5434.

San Bernardino County.— Valley Wells and New York Mountains.

San Diego County. —A specimen is in the State Mining Bureau, locality
not given. No. 7187.

APATITE.

Asparagus Stone.

H.-5. G. = 3.17-3.23. Luster vitreous. Color sea-green, bluish
green, violet blue; occasionally yellow, brown, gray or red. A ttuo-
phosphate of lime, containing also some chlorine.

Opaque specimens have been found in the eastern end of the King-
stone range, in San Bernardino County. It occurs also at the Dos
Cabezas mine, near Jacumba, San Diego County.

FLUORITE.

Chlorophane. Pyro-emerald.

11. = 4. G. = 3.18. Luster vitreous. Color range extensive, including
white, yellow, green, violet, sky-blue, amethystine blue, brown, wine,
yellow, rose-red, crimson and pink. Fluorescent and phosphorescent
when slightly heated. Calcium, 51; Huorine, 48.9.

Fluorite, though too soft for continuous wear, is occasionally cut as
a gem. The massive varieties are worked up into paper-weights, vases,
etc. It is also known as chlorophane, pyro-emerald, fluorspar, Derby¬
shire spar, and Cabra stone. Finely colored specimens are also known,
according to color, as false ruby, topaz, emerald, amethyst, etc.

Contra Costa County. —In white cubes at Mount Diablo.

Mono County. —At Ferris Canon, in tin* Sweetwater Mountains.
S. M. B. 14336.

San Diego County. At Palomar Mountain, Oak Grove, a large
piece of greenish fluorite has been found.

ANHYDRITE.

Vulpinite.

H.= 3.5. G.= 2.9. Luster vitreous and pearly. Color white, gray¬

ish, bluish, reddish; also brick-red and blue. Anhydrous sulphate of
lime. Lime, 41.2; sulphuric acid (sulphur trioxide), 58.8.

Anhydrite has also been called muriacite, tripe-stone, and anhydrite

GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

103

according to its structure— muriaeite when crystallized in broad
lamellie; anhydrite when granular; and tripe-stone when composed of
contorted plates.

Vulpinite is a scaly granular variety, and is the kind most used for
or n a men t a l pu r poses.

Inyo County. Panamint and Funeral range, Death Valley.

Mono County. —Mountains south of Mono Lake.

San Bernardino County. —Owl Mountains, near Owl Springs, Ava-
watz Mountains near to Amargosa River.

San Diego County. —Riverside range, Mesa Grande.

GYPSUM.

Alabaster. Satin Spar. Selenite.

H.— 2. G.= 2.3. Color white, gray, flesh-red, honey, ochre-yellow,

blue, brown, and black. Sulphate of lime (hydrous). Lime, 32.6;
sulphuric acid, 46.5; water, 20.9.

Selenite occurs cither in distinct crystals or broad folia that are
transparent.

Satin Spar is a fine fibrous variety having the pearly opalescence of
moonstone and affording the cat’s-eye ray when cut en cahoehon . It is
frequently worked up into beads, pins, and other ornaments, hut is too
soft to stand any wear.

Alabaster is a fine-grained, white, or delicately clouded variety. It
is worked into carvings, statuettes, and other ornamental objects.

Gypsum forms extensive beds in connection with limestones and
marlites; it is found also in crystalline rocks; about the fumaroles of
volcanoes and in the desiccated lakes of the desert, and in the borax,
soda, and niter fields, where it has been deposited on the evaporation
of sea water and brines in which it exists in solution.

Inyo County. —Common in many places.

Los Angeles County. —Soledad Canon.

Mono County. —Abundant in desert portion.

Riverside County. — In desert portion, in large quantities and supe¬
rior quality.

San Bernardino County. —Common in the dry lakes of the Mojave
Desert.

San Luis Obispo County.- At Cholame.

San Diego County. Abundant in Salton Desert.

Santa Barbara County. Point Sal in large quantities and of
superior quality, also at Rancho Casmalia.

104

GEMS, JEWELERS J MATERIALS, ETC*, OP CALIFORNIA*

COAL.

Jet* Lignite* Canneh Anthracite* Brown Coal*

Jet* —The most important of the mineral coals used for ornamental
purposes is jet. a compact, soft, light coal of a lustrous velvet-black
color, susceptible of a high polish. It is a variety of lignite, A speci¬
men from Gold Bluff, Humboldt County, is in the State Mining Bureau,
No. 7321. It was taken from a carbonized tree in a coal vein.

Carmel Coal takes a good polish and is occasionally worked into ink-
stands, snuff-boxes, breast-pins, bracelets, etc.

Brown Coal. —In this the form and fiber of the original wood are pre¬
served. It is made into paper-weights, charms, and trinkets* Speci¬
mens suitable for these purposes are often obtained from the coal mines
in Amador, Alameda, Contra Costa, Monterey, Orange, and Riverside
counties.

HEMATITE.

Including Chromite, Ilmenite, Limonite*

Hematite.—H*— 6. G.=4.b -5*3* Iron, 70; oxygen, 30. Color iron-

blaek to steel-gray.

Limonite. —11. 5-5.5. G. 3*6 4.0. Color black,brown-black,gray.

Iron. GO: oxygen, 25; water, 15.

Ilmenite or Menaccanite or Titanic Iron (oxide of titanium and
iron),—H,= 5.6. G.= 4.5-5. Color black. Oxygen, 31,6; titanium,

31.6; iron, 36,8.

Chromite*—II,- 5.5. G.— 4.3-4.B* Color black* Iron oxide, 32.0;

chromium oxide, 68.0.

The compact fibrous kinds of these irons are cut into beads, intaglios,
charms, and other ornaments*

Alameda County, —Hematite near Alameda; limonite in hills east of
Alameda.

Alpine County.—H ematite at Monitor.

Amador County. -Hematite in lone Valley.

Butte County*—H ematite near Orovillc.

Calaveras County. Hematite and limonite at Campo Seeo and San
Andreas; limonite at Sheep Ranch and Big 'frees.

Del Norte County.— Hematite at Kelsey tunnel*

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

105-

El Dorado County. — Hematite at Diamond Springs; limonite near
Latrobe; beautiful compound crystals of ilmenite at Georgetown, from
the placers; chromite in many places.

Fresno County. Ilmenite at Buchanan.

Inyo County. —Hematite in Owens Valley.

Mendocino County.— Limonite. S. M. B. 7104.

Nevada County. —Hematite at the Holden ledge in T. 15 N., R. 7 E.

Placer County. —Hematite at Clipper Gap iron mine, and at Red
Hill. Limonite in nodules at Forest Hill, resembling coprolites.

Plumas County. —Hematite at Crescent Mills. Mumford’s Hill and
Light Canon.

Riverside County. —Hematite. S. M. B. 7107.

San Bernardino County. —Hematite. Iron Mountain and Bessemer
Mountain, in the Mojave Desert.

San Luis Obispo County. —Hematite at Harrington iron mine, T. 31 S.,
R. 11 E.; also limonite.

Shasta County. —Hematite and limonite at the Iron Mountain mine.

Sierra County. Limonite at Gold Lake.

Solano County. —Limonite on the shores of the bay, in nodules.

Sonoma County. —Hematite and limonite in quantity at Santa Rosa.

Yuba County. Limonite on Bear River, near Wheatland.

GOTHITE.

H.= 5-5.5. (L = 4 4.4. Color yellowish, reddish, and blackish
brown. Often blood-red by transmitted light. Oxide of iron, with 10
per cent of water.

This hydrated oxide of iron often occurs in acicular crystals pene¬
trating limpid quartz. This form of inclusion is known as Onegite, and
is frequently cut into gems.

Mariposa County. —At Burns* Creek, in quartz.

CASSITERITE.

Wood Tim Toad's-eye Tim

11. b.7. (1. = <>.8-7.1. Luster adamantine. Color brown or black;

to gray, white or yellow. Tin, 78.(>: oxygen, 21.4.

Cassiterite. or tinstone, is used to a limited extent for ornamental
purposes. The wood tin occurs in reniform or botryoidal shapes of
concentric layers or bands resembling dark wood.

Riverside County. —Some of the crystallized tin ores from the Tem-
escal district have been polished flat and resemble a dark polished wood.

GEMS, JEWELERS’ MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

100

BROOKITE.

Arkansite.

11. = 5.5—6. G. = 3.87-4.08. Titanium, (50.0; oxygen, 40.0.

Brookite does not polish readily, and this fact limits its use as a gem.
Brookite includes the hair-brown, yellowish, ruby-red, transparent to
translucent kinds having a metallic, adamantine luster. Arkansite
includes the brilliant, iron-black, opaque kinds.

El Dorado County. —Brookite implanted upon quartz crystals has
been found at Placerville, by Mr. James Blakiston. The crystals of
brookite are tabular, about two millimeters broad and one fourth of a
millimeter in thickness. Their color is a rich reddish or yellowish
brown. The ledge from which the mineral was obtained is a quartz
ledge that is partly decomposed and partly compact. A decomposed
quartz vein traverses the main vein for about 100 feet, and is filled in
with reddish earth and sand. This decomposed material is full of
quartz crystals from the size of a man's finger to those weighing 80 or
90 pounds, some perfectly clear and others with inclusions of green
chlorite and of chalcedony.

AZURITE AND MALACHITE.

Blue Carbonate of Copper. Green Carbonate of Copper. False Emerald.

IT. 3.5 4. G.= 3.8-4.0. Azurite shows various shades of azure to

Berlin blue. Malachite is a bright green. Malachite contains copper
oxide, 71.9; carbon dioxide, 19.9; water, 8.2. Azurite contains copper
oxide, 69.2; carbon dioxide, 25.6; water, 5.2.

Both are elegant minerals, common in copper mines, and when com¬
pact, especially malachite, are used for ornamental work, such as vases,
table-tops, mantels. Malachite is most highly valued in Russia, where
the greatest palaces and churches arc embellished with it.

The uses of the two carbonates of copper as gems are limited by
their softness. A favorite form is where the two minerals occur in
alternating layers.

These minerals are found in nearly all the copper districts of the
State; especially in the following localities:

Calavkras County. At the Hedges mine, Copperopolis.

Inyo County. Coso Mountains.

Kkkn County. At San Emigdio ranch with melaconitc.

Mono County. At Blind Springs. S. M. B. 4746.

GEMS, JEWELERS 9 MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 107

San BKRXAKtxxo County. New York Mountains, Valley Wells.

San Luis Obispo County. —Santa Rosa Creek.

Santa Clara County. With crystallized cinnabar in crystallized
ealcite at the Guadalupe mine. S. M. B. 4929.

Shasta County. At Copper Hill.

TURQUOISE.

H.=C>. G. - 2.6 2.8. Luster .somewhat waxy. Color sky-blue, bluish
green and greenish gray. P 2 0 5 = 32.6; Al 2 () g = 46.8; H 2 0 = 20.fi.
A copper phosphate is also present, giving rise to the blue color.

PrksNo County. At Taylor's ranch, Chowehilla River, several hex¬
agonal bluish-green crystals, about one inch long, were found which
were identified as turquoise by Dr. Gideon E, Moore and Prof. V. von
Zepharovich. The latter believed them to be pseudomorphous after
apatite.*

San Bernardino County. —In the extreme northeastern part of this
county there have been discovered old and abandoned mines of turquoise
covering an area of many square miles. Associated with these mines
were found the relics of an early race; and it is supposed that this is
the original source of much of the turquoise found in the hands of the
Indians of the southwestern Cnited States and Mexico. The turquoise
occurs in small veins and also in kidney-shaped masses about the size
of a bean. Much of it is of good quality.

The tirst published announcement of turquoise discoveries in this
region was made through the writer in 1897, in his report to the U. S.
Geological Survey.f The locality was given as near Manvel. Mr. T. C.
Bassett had observed in this neighborhood a small hillock where the
float rock was seamed and stained with blue. On digging down a few
feet, he found a vein of turquoise—a white taloose material inclosing
nodules and small masses of the mineral, which at a depth of 20 feet
showed fine gem color. Two aboriginal stone hammers were met with,
as usual at all the turquoise localities in the southwest, and from this
circumstance the location was named the Stone Hammer mine.

The State Mining Bureau reported at about the same time that
turquoise had been found in the desert region between Death Valley
and Goff's Mining District, nearer the former, and that good samples
were in the museum of the Bureau.

In the spring of 1898, many reports of extensive discoveries were

*Zeitsch. fiir Kryst. u. Min. t Vol. X, p. 340.

t Min. Res. IT. S., 1K$I7. p. 504.

108

GEMS, JEWELERS * MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

announced, and much attention was given by the press to the accounts
of the region, both for the turquoise itself, and for the remarkable
archaeological remains associated with the ancient workings. The
district was seen to cover quite a large area in northeastern San
Bernardino County, near the Arizona and Nevada lines.

On the reports of prospectors reaching San Francisco as to a great
group of ancient turquoise mines with cave dwellings, stone imple¬
ments. and rocks covered with inscriptions, an exploring party was
organized by the San Francisco “Call.” and Mr. Gustav Eisen, of the
California Academy of Sciences, became attached to it as archaeological
expert.* The party set out early in March, 1898, going lirst to Blake
Station on the Santa Fe Railroad, thence north to Manvel, and onward
some sixty miles, across the Ivanpah Sink, and up into the mountains
to an altitude of over 6000feet, through an exceedingly rugged country,
to reach the region reported. The turquoise district, as described by
Mr. Eisen and others of the party, occupies an area of 80 or 40 miles in
extent, but the best mines are in a smaller section, about 15 miles long
by 3 or 4 in width. The region is conspicuously volcanic in aspect,
being largely covered with outflows of trap or basaltic rock reach¬
ing outward from a central group of extinct craters. These Hows
extend for many miles in all directions, and appear as lotig, low ridges,
separated by valleys and canons of the wildest character. Among
these basaltic rocks and in the valleys arc found smaller areas of low,
rounder! hills of decomposed sandstones and porphyries, traversed at
times by ledges of harder crystalline rocks, quartzites, and schists.
In the canons and on the sides of these hills are the old turquoise mines,
appearing as saucer-like pits, from 15 to 30 feet across and of half that
depth, but generally much filled up with debris. They are scattered
about everywhere. Around them the ground consists of disintegrated
quartz rock, like sand or gravel, full of fragments and little nodules of
turquoise. Whenever the quartzite ledges outcrop distinctly they
show the blue veins of turquoise, sometimes in narrow seams, sometimes
in nodules or in pockets. The mode of occurrence appears closely to
resemble that at Turquoise Mountain, Arizona. A few prospectors have
dug into the old, half-filled depressions and found stones of good color
and quality, and ordinary ones may Ik* picked up almost anywhere
out of the decomposed quartz. Stone tools arc abundant in the old work¬
ings. and the indications arc plain that this locality was exploited
on a great scale and probably for a long period, and must have been
an important source of the turquoise used among the ancient Mexicans.
From an archaeological point of view this locality possesses remark-
aide interest. The canon walls are full of caverns, now filled up to a

See 20th Kept. r. S. Geol. Surv.. Min. Res.. lsns, pp. ">S2-584; ami San Francisco
** Call.” March is, ISiJS.

GEMS, JEWELERS * MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA.

109

depth of several feet with apparently wind-blown sand and duet, but
whose blackened roofs and rudely sculptured walls indicate that they
were occupied for a long time by the people who worked the mines. In
the blown sand were found stone implements and pottery fragments of
rude type, incised but not painted. The openings to these eaves are
partially closed by roughly built walls composed of trap blocks piled
upon one another with no attempt at fitting and no cement, but evi¬
dently made as a mere rude protection against weather and wild beasts.
The tools, found partly in the caves and lar^ly in the mine pits, are
carefully wrought and polished from hard basalt or trap, chiefly ham¬
mers and adzes or axes, generally grooved for a handle and often of
large size. Some are beautifully perfect, others much worn and bat¬
tered by use.

The most impressive feature, however, is the abundance of rock
carvings in the whole region. These are very varied, conspicuous, and
peculiar, while elsewhere they are very rare. Some are recognizable as
"Aztec water signs, 7J pointing the way to springs; but most of them are
unlike any others known, and furnish a most interesting problem to
American archaeologists. They are numbered by many thousands, carved
in the hard basalt of the cliffs, or, more frequently, on large blocks of
the same rock that have fallen and lie on the sides of the valleys.
Some are combinations of lines, (lots, and curves into various devices;
others represent animals and men ; a third and very peculiar type is that
of the u shield figures,” in which complex patterns of lines, circles, cross
hatchings, etc., are inscribed within a shield-like outline perhaps 8 or I
feet high.

One curious legend still exists among the neighboring Indians that
is in no way improbable or inconsistent with the facts. The story was
told Mr, Eisen by “Indian Johnny,son of the Piute chief, Tecopah,
who died recently at a great age, and who in turn had received it from
his father. Thousands of years ago, says the tale, this region was the
home of the Desert Mojaves. Among them suddenly appeared, from
the west or south, a strange tribe searching for precious stones among
the rocks, who made friends with the Mojaves, learned about these
mines, and worked them and got great quantities of stones. These
people were unlike any other Indians, with lighter complexions and
hair, very peaceable and industrious, and possessed of many curious arts.
They made these rock carvings and taught the Mojaves the same things.
This alarmed and excited the Piutes, who distrusted such strange novel¬
ties, and thought them some form of insanity or i! bad medicine,” and
resolved on a war of extermination. After a long and desperate conflict,
most of the strangers and Mojaves were slain, since which time, perhaps
a thousand years ago, the mines have been abandoned. Mr. Eisen con¬
nects this account with the existence of a fair and red dish-haired tribe,

110

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC.. OF CALIFORNIA.

the May os (not Mayas), in parts of Sinaloa and Sonora, some of whom
may have reached these mines and carried on a turquoise trade with
Mexico.

Tliis region lias since been opened at several points, and at least a
dozen mines are now being worked by various parties, mostly with
Eastern capital. The principal work is being done bv the Himalaya
and the Toltec mining companies. The turquoise obtained, when pure
and of good color, is cut into fine gems; also the white and blue com¬
bination known as turquoise matrix, when small portions and veins of
turquoise are distributed through the rock, and the whole is cut and
polished as an ornamental stone. The paler varieties of turquoise are
cut into beads, etc., long strings of which are sold. Most of the material
produced is sent to New York. The yield in 1900 was estimated at a
value of $20,000.

AMBER.

Succinite.

H.= 2 2.5. G.= 1.05-1.09. Brittle. Luster resinous and waxy.

Transparent to opaque. Negatively electrified by friction. Burns
readily with a rich yellow flame and aromatic odor. Pure succinite is
not soluble in alcohol. Carbon, 78.94; hydrogen, 10.53; oxygen, 10.52.
Color yellow, sometimes reddish, brownish, or whitish, often clouded,
occasionally fluorescent, exhibiting a peculiar blue or green tinge.

Amber is a fossil resin of vegetable origin. Impure specimens have
been found in several of the lignite coal veins of the State, but none of
the true gem character. Its use is principally for beads, necklaces, etc.

CARBONATE OF LIME.

Pearl, Marble, Calcite, Aragonite, etc.

Carbonate of lime is most widely distributed in a variety <>f forms
depending upon differences in origin, crystallization and structural
conditions, presence of impurities, etc. With the exception of pearl and
coral, the many kinds find a use more for decorative purposes than for
personal adornment.

Pearls are concretions possessing a luster peculiar to themselves,
found in the shells of certain mollusks. II.= 2.5-3.5. G.~ 2.5- 2.7.

They may be of any shape and in some cases of considerable size. In
color they range from an opaque white, through pink, yellow, salmon,
fawn, red, purple, green, brown and black, or iridescent. Their beauty
and value are dependent upon their color, texture or “skin,” transparency
or “water,” luster and form. The most valuable are those that are

OEMS, .1 K\VELKRS* MATERIALS, ETC., OK CALIFORNIA.

Ill

spherical or pear-shaped, slightly transparent, free from specks or
blemishes, and possessing the characteristic luster in the highest degree.
The pearl-oysters of the Pacific and Indian oceans have yielded the bulk
of the pearls of the world. The pearl has been highly prized through
all ages, and has long been the emblem of purity, beauty, and nobility.
The abalone, also known as the haliotis or earshell. secretes curious
pearly masses, sometimes of fine luster and value.

Marbles consist essentially of carbonate of lime, with more or less
carbonate of magnesia. They are fine to coarse granular in structure,
and exhibit various colors, as white, yellow, red, green, blue, etc., being
often clouded and giving a handsome effect when polished. Statuary
marble must be pure white and fine-grained: architectural marble may
be white or colored. Cipnlin is white tinged; Sienna is yellow, veined
or clouded with brownish green; MandeUito is light red with white spots;
Bardiglio is gray with dark clouding; Verde-Antique (mixture of
marble and serpentine) is clouded yellowish to bluish green; Porter or
Egyptian is black, veined with yellow: LvmnchelU, or fire marble, is a
dark brown shell marble with fire-like internal reflections; Madreporic
contains corals; Itvin Marhle shows, when polished, figures resembling
ruined castles, etc.: Oolite is made up of grains resembling fish roe;
Pisolite is like oolite, but the concretions are larger; Stalactites are the
pendent masses formed in caves: Stalagmites cover the floors of caves;
California onyx, Oriental onyx , onyx marhlr , Mexican onyx . etc., have
beautiful banded, mottled, or cloudy structures, often showing wide
ranges of colors.

Calcite has a hardness of 3 and a specific gravity of 2.72.

Aragonite has a hardness of 3.5 and a specific gravity of 2.93.

Satin Spar is fibrous crystalline calcite or aragonite, showing a
beautiful sheen when cut into ornamental objects such as paper-weights,
heads, etc. The cat’s-eye like effect is very pleasing. Used extensively
for this use in England and the Russian Urals.

Amador County. Stalactite and stalagmite in numerous caves; the
same in Calaveras County and Shasta County.

Colusa County. A specimen of aragonite from this county is in the
National Museum at Washington, 1). C. it is a single cabochon cut, of
brown color, and measures 27 bv 14 by 7 millimeters. Catalogue num¬
ber, a 597:84, 114. There is also a polished slab of the same color;
catalogue number, b-840:48, 540.

Inyo and Mono Counties. These counties have large resources of
marbles and onyx. Undeveloped oolite has also been discovered.

Napa County. —Aragonite or California onyx, or ‘‘Zem-zem,” is rep¬
resented in the State Mining Bureau by Specimen Xo. 14768, from near
Zem-Zem, exact locality unknown.

112

GEMS; JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., GF CALIFORNIA,

Sax Bernardino County. —Large quarries of choice Verde-antique
are situated near Victorville, on the north side of the San Bernardino
range. At Colton, both Egyptian and Bardiglio are quarried. These
marbles are described in the “Mineral Resources of San Bernardino
County* 7 ' Specimens in the State Mining Bureau are 11350 and 11424.

Sax Diego County. Aragonite at Los Peiiasquitos Creek. S. M. B.
7320. Oolite and Madreporic marbles, Salton Desert and Cariaszo Creek,

San Luis Obispo County. Onyx marbles, aragonite or California
onyx quarries are situated in Sec. 9, T. 32 S., R, 15 E, Beautiful speci¬
mens are on exhibition in the State Mining Bureau (2006), and also in
t he Memorial Museum, Golden Gate Park.

Siskiyou County. —The Gridin onyx quarries are situated 6 miles
south of Berry vale. Specimens in the State Mining Bureau are 7355
and 8909.

Solano County, —A number of polished slabs of aragonite are on
exhibition from the Suisun quarries at the State Mining Bureau, 2261
{this is a fossil), 386, 556, 670, 5345, etc. Aragonite is also found in
considerable quantities at Vacaville. S. M. B. 5345.

Sonoma County. —There is an aragonite quarry at Healdsburg.

The aragonites of this State arc locally known as California onyx*
Only the best known localities are mentioned above.

ORBICULAR DIORITE (NAPOLEONITE).

A mass of orbicular diorite is situated in San Diego County, in See,
15, T. 16 IS.., R. I E., about two miles west of Dehesa. In part this
rock is largely made up of spherules often 2^ inches in diameter, as
shown in Illustration Xo. 4, page 15. The rock itself is very dark
colored, and when cut and polished makes a handsome stone. A recent
correspondent of the press describes the rock as several hundred feet
thick, forming a blanket on the side of a small hill some 1500 feet
above the bed of the Sweetwater River, thinning out toward the top.

The orbicular diorite is of various shades of gray to olive-green and
black; the round nodules are of some two inches diameter, with a finely
crystalline radiate and concentric structure. Other portions of the
rock are marked like the grain of wood, in black and green wavy lines, at
times expanding into the likeness of knots, and also in curious “bolts/*
parallel, curved, or crossing each other, in great variety.

This stone is a well-known variety, but rare, and when polished is
very striking* It occurs in Corsica, and has hence been called Napo-
leonite. Fine slabs from several localities arc in the American Museum

114

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

of Natural History at New York, and are both elegant and peculiar.
This Dehesa locality, from the specimens seen, ought to yield a very
fine product for use in the ornamental arts. It was described by Prof.
A. C. Lawson in a paper read before the Geological Society of America,
December 19, 1901.*

CAT'S-EYE.

The term cat’s-eye is applied to a number of minerals which, when
cut cn cuhochon , exhibit a peculiar opalescence characterized by a line
or ray of light across the stone, resembling the contracted pupil of the
eye of a cat. Among the minerals which when fibrous or cut across
the cleavage will show the cats-eve ray are: beryl, chrvsoberyl, espe¬
cially the cymophane; corundum, crocidolite. dumortierite; quartz filled
with acicular crystals or fibrous minerals, such as actinolite. byssolite,
hornblende, etc.; hypersthene, enstatite, bronzite, aragonite, gypsum,
labradorite. limestone, hematite, etc. Such gems may be opaque,
translucent, or transparent, and of any color.

Humboldt County. Actinolite cat's-eye at Eureka.

San Mateo County. Quartz cat's-eye at Pescadero Beach.

San Diego County. Quartz cat’s-eye at Point Lomu, fine tourmaline
cat’s-eves at Mesa Grande (see p. 60), and beryl cat’s-eyes at Rincon.

OBSIDIAN.

Obsidian, a peculiar glass-like stone of volcanic origin, essentially
feldspar in composition, is found along Pit River, where handsome
specimens of the streaked variety known as marekanite or 11 mountain
mahogany’* are found; also in Owens Valley, where it occurs in red
fragments, and also banded with alternate layers of black and brown.
Similar observations have been made by earlier and later travelers,
among whom was the late Hon. Caleb Lyon, who in I860 found the
Shasta Indians of California making arrowheads from obsidian as well as
from the glass of a broken bottle. In a letter which was published by
the American Ethnological Society, he describes the method of manu¬
facture. f It was quite a favorite stone with the aborigines of the West
and Southwest, where it is somewhat widely distributed, especially in
the Yellowstone Park and in Mexico: in the latter the Aztecs used it for
much remarkable work in knives, spearheads, and ornaments. Mr.
W. H. Trenchard reports obsidian in considerable quantity in San
Felipe Valley, northeast of Julian, San Diego County; and it may
doubtless be found more or less at many points in the State.

x Science (N. S.). Yol. XV. 1902, p. 415.

i Bull. Am. Etlm. Society. Yol. I. p. 39. New York, 1861.

GEMS, JEWELERS’ MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA.

115

PEARLS.

The most important marine pearl-fishery on the American continent
is that of Lower California, the central point being at La Paz. Here
the true pearl-oysters, Mrlengrina mar gar it ijfera , are found on the
eastern shores of the Gulf of California from Cape San Lucas to the
mouth of the Colorado River, taking in about 1500 miles of coast,
including the gulf islands. They are also found from La Barra de
Ocoz, which is the boundary line between the republics of Guatemala
and Mexico, to Mazatlan, a distance of 2000miles, making for the pearl
fisheries a total extent of 3500 miles.

These fisheries have recently been confirmed to the Pearl Shell
Company of San Francisco, by special franchise from the Mexican
Government. The beds were first discovered some three centuries ago
by Hernando Cortez when he crossed to the Pacific and discovered
Lower California, and the name of California, derived from “calidus/’
hot, and ‘‘forums,” a hearth, it is believed, is due to this journey,
having been given by Cortez, who found the heat intense when he first
touched California soil. He took possession of the fisheries, and sent a
number of fine pearls to the Queen of Spain, subsequently requiring all
fishers to send to the Blessed Virgin one tenth of all they found, and
one tenth to the King of Spain. After some intermittent work, the
fisheries, about one hundred and fifty years ago, were again worked,
with system and with great success, by one Juan Ossio, who took from
them yearly from 300 to 500 pounds of pearls, actually packing them
on mules and selling them by the bushel. The shells were all brought
up by head divers, and pearls were taken from them so plentifully that
they became of comparatively small value. This heavy drain had tin*
effect of rapidly diminishing tin* supply, and it is only of late years that
fishing has again been canned on systematically. At present numerous
beds are known and worked, at Loreto, off Point Lorenzo, the island of
Cerrabro, the harbors of Picheluigo, La Paz. and in fact the whole west
coast of the Gulf of California from La Paz to above the island of Loreto,
and in the east the island of Tiburon, and the land above and below
that island. All these places have been famous for their pearls.

Li ISbO. in order to conduct pearl-gathering in a more scientific
manner, the owner of the Mexican grants, Sen or Navarro, procured
from San Francisco, Cal., a number of expensive schooners, with surf-
boats, professional divers, and costly apparatus. After several years’
experience be found that bis experts, with their expensive outfit, were
no more successful than the naked Indian divers, while the exorbitant
wages demanded by them so diminished his profits that he wisely went
back to the primitive methods followed by bis ancestors. At present
those ship-owners who undertake* the fisheries on a large scale use appa-

113

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

rat us imported from France and England, by means of which each man
is able to bring up daily 300 pearl-oysters. The men employed are pow¬
erful Mexicans, and every diver lias five assistants. Four men work
the air-pumps for the suited diver, and the fifth attends to the life-line,
letting down the diver and hauling him up, as well as hoisting up the
nets or baskets full of shells and lowering the empty ones. The pump¬
men are fed and housed, and receive $15 a month: the life-line man is
similarly looked after, and receives $25 a month: the diver receives $45
a month, and one tenth of all he brings up, netting him as high as $500
a month, if he is fortunate. Connected with each fishing party is a
schooner of from 60 to 200 tons burden, and two or three small boats.
The men live on the schooner during the entire six months. In addition
there are numerous divers who work independently, and who show
wonderful skill and aptness in their work. Generally, with no other
appliance than a heavy stone attached to the waist, they plunge naked
to the bottom, select suitable bivalves, and gather them into a bag,
remaining under water as long as two minutes. The shells containing
the pearls vary in diameter from 2 to 8 inches, 6 inches being the aver¬
age size. They are found on hard rocks or on sandstone at the bottom
of the sea, usually in bunches, holding to the rocks by a fibrous beard
(byssus), the circular opening being on top and the shells usually a little
open. The oysters are vertical, not lying on the Hat. Each diver has
a knife, with which he cuts a bunch loose and places them in a basket
or net by his side; this is hoisted up when full, an empty one descend¬
ing at the same time. On rising to the surface, the fisher empties his
bag into one of the waiting surf-boats, which crafts, under careful guard,
deliver their loads to a well-armed schooner, the latter vessel running
in shore at night to discharge the accumulated cargo. Occasionally,
during all the time he is under water, a man may not send up a single
shell containing a pearl; at other times there may be $10,000 worth in
twenty shells. A very strict police system is necessary to prevent seri¬
ous thefts, which, despite the utmost vigilance, are of daily occurrence.
On land the cargo is turned over to keepers, and the mass is surrounded
by guards, armed to the teeth. The shells are pried open with a Hat
knife, and the mussel is separated from each shell. A gristly sub¬
stance attaches the body of the oyster to the shell, and covers about
one fourth of its area, the remainder being occupied by the pearl-bearing
membrane, a black, jelly-like coat, and, of course, a part of the living
shell-fish. The shells are handed over to another man, while the
opener takes tlie separated fish and examines the inside of the black
membrane for the pearls he is in search of, and finally closes his fist
over the fish to squeeze out any pearl which may be lodged in the
interior, after which the pearls found are examined by experts, their
value estimated, and a settlement made at once with the divers.

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA.

117

Usually their wages amount to twenty-five per cent of the total find,
and they are paid by an allotment of the pearls taken during the day.
On the outside the shells are covered with seaweed or other submarine
growth, and look not unlike a Tam-o’-Shanter cap. All this growth
is removed and the shells are cleansed and packed, finding a ready
market in Liverpool. London, and Hamburg at prices of from 10 to 20
cents a pound for “ mother-of-pearl,” The profit from these fisheries is
not as large as might be imagined, because the expenses are very heavy,
and there is always involved a very considerable element of chance.

About 1863 a company was organized in New York City for the pur¬
pose of gathering pearls and pearl shells on the Pacific coast, and
secured the use of a submarine boat, the peculiarities of which were
that it carried a large supply of fresh air condensed within its walls
and was provided with a means of purifying the air in the working
chamber, thus dispensing with the necessity of communicating with the
surface, as it furnished an atmosphere in which men could work for
a whole day with perfect ease. The company procured a lease of prop¬
erty at the island of Tiburon. hoping, with their facilities, to secure
unusual returns; for, with their submarine boat, they would have the
advantage of exploring, locating, and working beds where divers could
not go. Presumably their efforts were not successful, for the company
soon went out of existence.

During the subsequent summer a new company obtained the conces¬
sion for the Lower California- pearl fisheries, and they decided that all
the fisheries on the Gulf of California should in the future be worked
by Chinamen.

For more than three hundred years these fisheries have been in the
possession of private grants dating back to the days of the Conquest.
The Mexican Government has in recent years annulled the old grants
and leased t In* fisheries to the highest bidders. The house of Gonzales
vV Ruffo. having offices in La Paz and the City of Mexico, secured a
concession for sixteen years permitting them to work the fisheries
around the Espiritu Santo and La Paz islands, which are considered
the best of the beds. The Government has recently granted to a single
firm the exclusive right to raise the mother-of-pearl shells, and for the
reproduction of such oysters the system used in the State of Maryland
will be followed. The fisheries, which constitute one of the leading
industries of Lower California, are now diminishing yearly, and, owing
to the continued exploitation, many of the ship-owners find themselves
losers at the end of the season.

Most of the pearls from this place are sent to market by way of San
Francisco. A letter to the author from a leading fishing firm in 1892
contains tlie following: “The pearl fisheries average about 5,000 carats
a year, which represent a value of $200,000, to winch you must add about

118

GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

800,000 pounds of pearl shells, representing a value of about #180,000.
The cost amounts to about #100,000.” During 1887 it is believed that
more than #50,000 worth of pearls were found. The total product of
the fisheries has amounted to as much as #250,000 in a single year, and
the sale of the shells to as much more. From November. 1808, until
September, 1809, #20,000 worth of pearls were purchased from this
locality by one New York house. These were of various sizes, including
four that weighed over 20 grains and one of 49 grains. In color, the
pearls from this locality vary from pure white through gray and brown
to black. The latter have become so fashionable in late years that
their value has increased tenfold. One black pearl weighing 50 grains
was valued at #8,000. A magnificent pear-shaped pearl of a less size
was held at £7,000 in 1904. Black pearls and gray pearls, when fine,
are among the most highly prized products of the sea.

ABALONE.

The Abalone (Haliotis or Earshell), the principal species of which
are Haliotis splendent and Haliotis rufescens (called onner in the
Channel Islands, fiih-yv in China, awabi in Japan, and abalone in
California), also secretes pearls. The nacreous portion of the shell
itself is used for ornamental purposes, such as buttons, etc., and surface
ornamentation in lacquer work, papier-mache, etc.

The fishing is conducted at low tide, the principal grounds on the
coast being along the Catalina and Santa Rosa islands, in the Santa
Barbara channel, and from Monterey to San Diego, although a large
number are gathered in Ilalfmoon Bay and from the rocks that Jim*
the shore of Mendocino County. The earshells attach themselv«>
to the rocks by means of their large muscular disk-shaped foot (so
called), which acts like a sucker or exhaust cup. Just before the tide
leaves them on the ebb, and just after it has reached them on the flow,
the abalones keep their shells slightly raised above the surface of tin*
rock with the feelers drawn in. Then the fisherman, with either a long,
broad knife or a spade-like instrument- both are used gives a quick
lift to the sucker or foot, letting in the air. The suction is destroyed
and the fish falls off, when it is seized and thrown into a boat or basket,
before it can fasten itself afresh. If the fish lies below water, a sort of
grappling iron is let down, and after the point is inserted under the
shell a vigorous wrench pulls it away. All this has to be done quickly
and quietly, for if the abalone closes down on the rock, it can not be
drawn off, so great is its power of adhesion, and it will be broken into
fragments before it releases its hold. When caught, the abalones are
thrown on the beach, and the fish is pulled from the shell with a flat,
sharp stick, and stripped of its curtain, boiled, salted, and strung on

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA., 119

long rods to dry in the air. This process is very disagreeable, and that
of stripping and cleaning so offensive that none but will

undertake it. The ubalones must be as hard as sole-leather when
properly dried, and they are then packed in sacks, and sent to China.
The price of the meat is from 5 to 8 cents a pound in San Francisco, or
from 7 to 10 cents a pound in China. When cooked, it is cut into
strips and boiled, the taste being similar to that of the clam, but with a
more meat-like consistency.

The trade in this dried meat is considerable. In I860 there were
exported from San Francisco by steamer 1(397 sacks, valued at '$14,440,
and in. 1867 the exports had risen to 3713 sacks, valued at $33,090. At
present there are exported upwards of 200 tons a year, which at $175 a
ton would amount to $35,000. At San Diego, Cal., the dried meat is
quoted at $110 a ton. The shells vary from almost microscopic size to
8 or 10 inches in diameter. Before they were found to be of any market¬
able value they were thrown away. One heap a little south of San
Diego, containing over a hundred tons of shells, from exposure to the
rain and the sun was converted into lime on the outside, but this was
broken into and many fine shells were found.

The shell in its natural state is no more attractive than that of tin?
oyster; it is rough on the outside, looking much like a piece of dried
brown clay, and is frequently covered with a growth of barnacles, sea¬
weeds, etc. Commercially there are five varieties, the green, the black,
the red, the pink, and the mottled; but considering them from an orna¬
mental standpoint, the shells may be grouped under three heads, red.
black, and green, so called, of course, from their prevalent color. The
black, which is the smallest and least valuable, is found from Monterey
down to the Gulf of California; the red, which is next in value, but tin*
largest in size, is found from Mendocino to Monterey; while the green
comes from below San Diego. The black seldom exceeds 6 inches in
diameter, the green rarely goes beyond 9, while the red runs as high ;i>
12 or 14 inches. The black is not beautiful on the outside, even when
cleansed of lime and marine parasites,but inside there lies a small patch
of the most brilliant opalescent tints, and this is sawn out, and made into
brooches and lockets. The red is of a general mother-of-pearl appear¬
ance, with stripes and mottles of a rich burnt umber. The green, both
within and without, is full of tire and color, some interiors being quite
as vivid and of much the same prevailing color as a peacock’s neck.
This variety is principally used for jewelry, and is worked into every
kind of ornament, from a table-top, inlaid with representations of
flowers and butterflies, to the smaller varieties of jewelry. The Pueblo,
Zuhi, and Navajo Indians, and all the Indians of the Pacific coast
as far north as Alaska, have made it into charms and have used it for
ornamentation for ages. It lias been used as an applied decoration on

120

GEMS, JEWELERS 7 MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

silver objects, ami examples were exhibited at the World’s Fair held at
Paris in 1889.

The lirst adaptation of the abalone shell to ornamental purposes was
made by an English worker in mother-of-pearl who went to San Fran¬
cisco more than twenty years ago. He saw the possibilities of the won¬
derful. brilliant shell, and began a business which now requires the
services of more than ten men. The little trifles made of this shell are
considered by the Eastern visitor and the European tourist as dis¬
tinctively Californian as a piece of big-tree bark. The incrustations
were formerly removed by soaking the shells in a hath of muriatic acid,
but it was found that this process injured the texture, and they are
now cleaned and polished by friction lathes. Twenty years ago abalone
shells were considered so worthless that freight steamers would not
transport a bag of them without advance payment for the freight.
Now they are worth $150 to $175 a ton in New York and Liverpool.
The shells are shipped first to San Francisco, where they are assorted
and the damaged ones thrown aside, about three tons of merchantable
shells being procured from five tons of material as it comes from the
abalone-hunters. These shells are quoted (1889) in San Diego at $20,
$25. and $85 a ton, according to quality, and in consequence of such
low prices the trade is comparatively dull. The output of shells
during 1888 was estimated at 800 tons. The amount of shells made
into jewelry in San Francisco is very small compared with that con¬
sumed by tlie button-makers of France, England, Germany, and New
York. Orders for abalone shells are constantly received from these
places, and there are times when the export reaches as high a figure as
100 tons a week. The collector of customs at San Francisco furnishes
the information that for the fiscal year 1887-88 the export of abalone
shell amounted to $185,414, which together with $85,000, the value of
the dried meat annually exported, makes this quite an important
industry.

These shells secrete very curious pearly masses, sometimes of fine
luster, and choice enough to deserve a place among pearls. A pearl
measuring 2 inches in length, and from a quarter to a half inch in
width, has been found. A necklace made in California from the finest
specimens was valued at over $2000. A pearl over half an inch long
and of good color cost $80, and was used as the body of a jeweled 11 v.
The abalone pearls from the coasts of Korea and Japan are often very
beautiful. In a lot of about one hundred shells only five were found
bearing pearls—two with three pearls each, two with two pearls each,
and one with a single pearl.

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA.

121

GEM MINES IN CALIFORNIA.

Besides the references made to a number of gem mines in the body of
tins Bulletin, the following more specific data are here presented with
reference to some of the more important ones. For the purpose of
obtaining this information, a special inquiry was undertaken at the
close of the last year, 1904. in behalf of the State Mining Bureau; and
representatives of the Bureau visited a number of the mines and collected
valuable data, which are herewith presented.

It is well to remember the fact that there is already more actual
mining for gems done in the State of California than in any other
State or Territory of the Union, while the indications are that there
will be many more gem mines discovered in southern California as
remote districts are opened and old ones more fully explored.

The following data are grouped (1) geographically, and to some
extent also (2) in the order of discovery—beginning in Riverside
County, and proceeding southward and southwestward, in San Diego
County, by Pala, Mesa Grande, and Ramona, to the Mexican line at
Jaeumba.

COAHUILA DISTRICT,

in Riverside County. These are the most northern occurrences of gem-
tourmaline, and the earliest discoveries were made here.

Fano Kunzite-Tourmaline Mining* Company. —This mine consists
of four claims, about 3 miles north of Coahuila Indian Reservation,
Riverside County, and was located in 1902 by Bert Simmons. The
nearest postoffice is Hemet, Riverside County. After some surface
work had been done, a tunnel was started 300 feet from the summit
of the hill, to cross the ledge, but by a mistake in calculation the
ledge proper was crossed about 20 feet from the surface. The parties
then continued their operations until, at a depth of 176 feet, solid blue
granite was reached. The tunnel was then abandoned, and from that
time work lias been confined to the surface.

The ledge is about 5 feet in width, with a northwesterly and south¬
easterly strike, and a dip to the southwest of about 17 degrees. The
pegmatite is finely crystallized, and resembles that of the other tour¬
maline and kunzite mines in southern California.

Three men are at work at present, and operations will be continued
indefinitely. The output so far has been 25 pounds of kunzite, white;

122

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

1 pound of kunzite, pink ; and 25 pounds of all classes of tourmaline,
mostly blue and green; about 250 pounds of beryl have also been
taken out, but only about five per cent of it available for gem purposes.
Two hundred pounds of very fine quartz crystals also have been sold,
and about a ton of lepidolite and 30 or 40 pounds of amblygonite; also
splendid flake mica large enough for commercial purposes has been
discovered.

ILL. No. 27. COAHUILA MOUNTAIN (GENERAL VIEW), RIVERSIDE
COUNTY. BERYL. KUNZITE, ANI) GEM-TOURMALINE.

There is a spring near the property on land rented by the owners of
the mine; also plenty of oak timber for mining purposes. Considerable
money has been expended here without much result, but for the work
actually done on gem pockets, this mine has been a splendid producer.

Columbia Gem Mine. —This, the oldest tourmaline mine in the
State, is situated at Coahuila, Riverside County, and owned by Messrs.
IT. C. Gordon, ?. E. Johnson, J. C. Connell, and William Dyche, of San

GEMS, JEWELERS 9 MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

123

Diego; it is about half a mile northwest of the road leading from Coa-
huila to the Hemet reservoir, and near the summit of the divide crossed
bv this road. Nothing has been done on this mine, except assessment
work, for over live years, but it was the first tourmaline mine discov¬
ered in southern California, and has produced a great many beautiful
gems. The pockets, however, seem to have been worked out, and
nothing important has been found recently. The ledges of pegmatite
are very fine granite, and both sides of the pocket material seem to be
of the same character, thus differing from any other mine yet found in
the gem districts of California. There is no water or timber available,
and it is altogether a desolate region. The altitude is about 5000 feet.

ILL. No. 2*. FA No (SIMMONS) MINK, COAIIUILA, RIVKKSIDK COUNTY VIEW OF
RIDGE, LOOKING NORTH. GKM-TOURMALINE. BERYL. KUNZITK.

Passing southward from the Coahuila region, into San Diego County,
the locality next described lies by itself, about half way to the great Mesa
Grande-Pala line of mines. Although not yet an important producer,
the occurrence is very interesting, as suggesting other possible localities
yet to be discovered in the intervening area.

Gem Mine No. 1.—Owned by Mr. Bert Simmons, of Oak Grove, and
Mr. Charles Gordon, of San Diego. Practically no work has been done
on this mine since its location in June, 1903. Its altitude is higher
than any other gem mine in San Diego County, being 5100 feet above-
sea level, and about one mile east of the summit of Aguanga Mountain.
The average width of the vein, as far as could be seen, was 4 feet, but
it is badly broken, and upon examination showed that both foot and

124

(JEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA.

hanging walls were of very hard blue diorite. Great pressure lias
apparently crushed the ledge, and the pocket layer is found on the
top, between the diorite and the pegmatite, and presents fine, broken
crystallizations of orthoclase and a 1 bite, in which a red clay is mixed.
The tourmaline crystals show much indication of dynamic action, being
badly broken and twisted, but afford nodules of beautiful coloring—
deep blues, reds, and an almost emerald-green predominating. The
mine is located on the top of the divide or watershed between San Luis
Hey River and the Temecula Canon. So little work has been done
that it seems better to reserve any report as to the quantity and quality
until more is ascertained. Parties are at work at present on the mine.

PALA DISTRICT*

As elsewhere described in this Bulletin, the mines near Pala are
located on three hills or ridges, the western being properly called Pala
Mountain, on which are the great lepidolite, or Alvarado, mine, and the
Stewart mine, next described, which yields some gem material. The
other mountains, Pala Chief and Heriart, which are apparently foothills
or spurs of Agua Tibia Mountain, are those yielding gem-spodumene as
well as tourmaline. Some 18 miles to the southwest, but probably
belonging to the same range of hills, lie the great tourmaline mines of
Mesa Grande. These will be given in the order stated.

Stewart Mine, Pala Mountain. —This mine, said to have first been
discovered by an Indian deer-hunter named Vensuelada, in the early
days of California history, was first worked hv a miner named Henry
Magee, who located the claim as a quicksilver mine, mistaking the pink
tourmaline for cinnabar, but upon analysis he abandoned his prospect.
Next it was located as a rock-claim by Don Tomas Alvarado, a Mexican
land-owner in that locality, who believed that the beautiful bluish,
pinkish, and gray minerals studded with transparent pink crystals were
a peculiar variety of marble. Several years later a German scientist,
who was familiar with lithia mines in Europe, saw a specimen of Pala
lepidolite in a mineral collection in New York. Obtaining a piece, he
made an analysis and found that this ore was as rich in lithia as any
found in the world. From this time forward, gradual development
under many ownerships lias proved that great deposits of lithia-bearing
ores exist in the pegmatites of the Pala district, the largest and most
valuable being the Stewart and Alvarado mines.

In examining the workings and surface of the Stewart mine, owned
bv the American Lithia Company, of New York, numerous indications
of gem-minerals were met with, especially in the lower workings. As

GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

125

in the Alvarado mine, the lepidolite is generally studded with small,
fan-shaped crystallizations of rubellite (pink tourmaline), with occa¬
sional crystals of bluish or greenish tourmaline, but not of gem quality.
Near the surface tin* tourmalines are small and perfectly crystallized,
but are more or less fractured, opaque, and unfit for jeweler’s use.
In the deeper workings and in the extreme western tunnels, how¬
ever, pink tourmalines from one-half to one inch in diameter are
found in columnar groups, all more or less altered, and of not over
three (3) in hardness, associated with quartz, orthoclase. gray lepidolite.

ILL. No. 2tl. STEWART LITHLV MINE, PA LA MOL'NT A IN, SAN DIEGO L’Ol'NTV WEST
END OF TUNNEL, LOOKING NORTHEAST.

and amblygonite. Triplite and triphylite arc also associated minerals.
Large crystallizations of what appears to be an altered spodumcne were
observed, penetrating the quartz.

On the surface, small green tourmalines were found in the pegmatite,
generally more or less flattened between the cleavage planes of musco¬
vite mica.

Several years ago a pocket containing about a quart of small tour¬
maline crystals was found in coarse pegmatite, 60 feet south of the
present tunnel of the Stewart mine. Some of these crystals were cut
into very good gems, but no further work at that spot lias been done.

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

126 .

Pala Chief Mine. —This mine was located in May, 1903, by Mr.
.John Giddens, Pedro Peiletch, Bernardo Heriart, and Frank A. Salmons.
The main workings are at an altitude of 1220 feet (aneroid). The work
consists of open cuts 250 feet wide, extending to a depth of from 10 to
30 feet horizontally on the vein, and at the deepest working the ledge
is 21 feet in width vertically. A tunnel 45 feet long was run to
encounter the vein up to about 20 feet depth, but it was found that the
ledge was a blanket vein, and nothing was discovered in that place.
But in the upper or surface workings the hanging and foot walls were
both found to be of bluish and grayish decomposed diorite. The upper

ILL No. :i(>. PALA CHIEF MINE, PALA. SAN DIEGO COI'NTV EXTENT AND
CHARACTER OF WORK DONE IN DEVELOPING KCNZITE

part of the vein consists of 3 feet of white, finely crystallized pegmatite.
Beneath this the crystallizations become coarser and more granitoid.
The third layer was composed partly of finely crystallized albite and
orthoclase, upon the lower edge of which, and extending to the pockets,
was a layer of lithia-bearing micas. In the interior of the pockets,
which are generally 8 to 10 inches wide, pinkish and white talc was
found, in which occurred numerous large and perfect quartz crystals
with pink and white spodumene. As in most of the mines of southern
California, the lower half of the ledge, below the pocket line, is a very
finely crystallized granite without mica, with small crystals of essonite
garnet. The above-described characteristics of the ledge are general

GEMS, JEWELERS’ MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA.

127

throughout the mine. The minerals noted were spodumene, pink, lav¬
ender, and white; tourmaline, blue, green, and red; orthoclase, albite,
graphic granite; lepidolite. pink, green and lavender; muscovite, quartz
crystals, steatite, and other clays.

The products so far noted are tourmaline, kunzite. and quartz crystals.
Giant powder was used entirely, and it was found to be the only
explosive that was satisfactory. Two men have been working nearly
all the time: but during the last six months very little of the precious
stones rewarded their labors. There is no water or timber on the
property, and the nearest water is about one mile away.

ILL. No. tfl. I’A LA ( IIIKK MINE. SAN DIEGO COUNTY POCKET LINE AT THE POINT
WHERE THE LARGEST POCKET OF KUNZITE CRYSTALS OCCURRED.

The section and township in which the mine is located were not
available, but it lies east from Pala, at a distance of 3 miles, and the
workings can be seen from the town of Pala. which is the nearest base
of supplies.

Tourmaline Queen Mine. —This mine,owned bv Mr. Frank Salmons,
.John Guldens, Pedro Peilcteh. and Bernardo Heriart, is situated near
the summit on the northeast slope of Pala Chief Mountain, at an altitude
of 1450 feet. It is about 3^ miles north by a little east from Pala, San
Diego County. The section and quarter were not obtainable. The
mine was located as a quartz claim by the above-named parties, in

128

GEMS, JEWELERS , MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

March, 1903. The vein is about 14 feet wide, and dips to the southwest
15 degrees.

Very little has been done on the property, but scalping work in the
nature of an open cut 60 feet wide, and entering the vein to a depth of
about 10 feet, produced in weight approximately 80 pounds of gem-
tourmaline crystals. The colors are yellow, green of several different
shades, light pink, ruby-red, and black. In examining the ledge, 18
inches lying between the diorite hanging wall and the coarse pegmatite
appears to be an infiltration of decomposed feldspar, gradually altering to
pegmatite. Below this are about 3 feet of coarse, granular pegmatite
(or granite), consisting of crystallized quartz, feldspar, and muscovite
mica, with impurities of black tourmaline in fan-shaped crystallizations,
and essonite garnets (microscopic), with occasional crystals of biotite
mica and hornblende. Below this again, and gradually altering from
the above, are masses of graphic granite, incrusted at the lower edge
with albite, in which the gem-tourmaline seems to have a root or
extremity. Between the albite and the line-rock (or granite) are large
pockets filled with rose- and la vender-colored muscovite, and decomposed
spars in the nature of a whitish or pink clay ; in these pockets the gems
are found, broken in many instances, and more or less altered. Many
crystals were observed with an exterior of opaque green, while the
interior was a rich pink or ruby-red, affording beautiful gems.

The ledge has been prospected for about 250 feet, and shows gem
indications wherever it has been opened. .The hanging wall is a coarse,
greenish and grayish diorite, which is the general formation of the entire
belt. The foot wall is the same, though showing more alteration. Both
Giant and Jiulson powders have been used, although from tin* hardness
and toughness of the rock, the former was found to be the best.

After the pocket material has been extracted, screens are used, by
which the dirt and fine, worthless stuff are eliminated. The matter
left in the screens is then examined for gems, and afterwards washed.
Two of the owners have performed all the work so far accomplished,
and no other men have been employed. Active operations will again
be resumed, but nothing is being done at present. The same parties
have filed on a spring 350 feet northeast of the present workings, and
abundant water for mining and domestic purposes has been developed.

The minerals noted in above claim are: tourmaline, albite, orthocla.se,
muscovite, lepidolite, kaolin, ta loose clays, essonite garnets, hornblende,
and indications of epidote*

The lower part of the ledge is composed of a fine, granular mica-less
granite, of a gray color, banded at intervals of from 3 to 6 inches with
minute essonite garnets, whence the name line-rock. As is usually the
case in all ledges of pegmatite bearing precious stones in this region,
this lower layer of the ledge has approximately the same width as that

GEMS, JEWELERS 7 MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

129

of the formation from the pocket layer or center to the top, and lies
directly in contact with the diorite foot wall.

Tourmaline King* Mine. -This mine is owned by F. 13. Schuyler,
Mrs. F. B. Schuyler, D. G. Harrington, and Mrs. H. E. Harrington, of
Oceanside, Cal., and is situated on the north slope of Pala Chief Mountain,
about three hundred yards from the summit, at an altitude of 1540 feet.
The mine was located in March, 1903, by the above-named parties, but
very little work has been done, rendering it practically impossible to
make a conclusive report. The mine is 4 miles directly north of Pala,
and is the last mine so far discovered at the western extremity of the
Pala mineral belt.

The vein dips to the southwest at an angle of 164 degrees. It presents
an average breadth of 7 feet, and is essentially coarse pegmatite, but
shows evidence of crushing and is badly broken in many places. The
hanging wall is a coarse gray diorite, and at the place where the
work has been done lies over about 15 inches of coarse broken feldspar
and lepidolite mica. It is in this stratum that the gems appear, which
is contrary to the general pocket formation of the Pala district. Tour¬
maline was the only gem-stone noted, and occurred in pencils, dissem¬
inated through this altered mass of decomposed spar, and apparently
out of place. Concretions of albite, coated with beautiful purple mus¬
covite, were found loose in the soil. Some quartz crystals and essonite
garnets, badly shattered, were also seen in the float. The ledge at this
place was too badly broken to note the exact character of the pegma¬
tite, and the “line-rock,” or lower stratum, had not been uncovered, so
that its character could not be determined. No work has been done on
the property for several months, and nothing satisfactory could lx*
learned as to when work would be resumed. About ten pounds of
crystals were secured in a cut 12 feet wide, and barely scalping off tin*
top layer of earth.

Naylor-Vanderburg Mine. —This mine, also situated near Pala, ^
owned by Fred M. Sickler and M. M. tickler; altitude, 1400 feet, on the
eastern slope of Mount Heriart. The location was made by Mr. Sickler
in February, 1903, soon after he had discovered that the pink and white
crystals which he had found on the mountainside were not tourma¬
lines, as they had been called, or any stone known to local mineral¬
ogists. After much trouble and expense, Mr. Sickler considered the stone
of uncertain value, but continued his investigations and at length sent
a piece to the writer at New York, who determined it as spodumene.
and after whom it was named kunzite, by Prof. Charles Baskerville,
of North Carolina, as a new gem-stone—the first occurrence of trans¬
parent pink or lavender spodumene in the world.

9— MB

130

GEMS, JEWELERS 7 MATERIALS, ETC*, OP CALIFORNIA*

The ledge at the point examined was 16 feet in width, but badly
broken. At this place an open cut entering the vein to a depth of 22
feet and about 30 feet in width, has produced approximately five
pounds of perfect gem-stone; although several pieces have been found
in adjacent workings, this seems to be the best part of the ledge.

In examination of the mine, the hanging wall is gray orbicular dio-
rite* Between this and the ledge itself, an 18-inch layer of decomposed
feldspar and clay was found as a gouge* About 7 feet of coarse granitic
pegmatite forms the upper part of the ledge, altering into decomposed
layers of a 1 bite and orthoelase* In this latter are small pockets, seldom

ILL Xo, 32; NAYLOR-VANDERBURG MINE, HER I ART MOUNTAIN, SAX DIEGO
COUNTY—VIEW LOOKING SOUTHWEST.

larger than a man’s hand, in which one or two crystals of kunzite will
be found, completely covered with yellow, pink, or white clay. No
metallic stains are found in the upper part of the ledge, but the lower
beds of granitic rock, carrying interlineations of garnet, are in many
places stained with manganese, and show large crystallizations of trip-
life, from which it is evident the kunzite receives its coloring.

The vein has a dip of 10 degrees to the west, and extends the full
length of the location, 1500 feet, joining the Caterina mine on the
south.

The minerals noticed are: muscovite, pink, green, and lavender, in

ILL. So. 33. NAYLOR-VANDERBURO MINK. SHOWING WORKINGS.

ILL. No. 34. N AY LOR-V A N D ERBU RG MINE. HERIART MOUNTAIN, SAN DIEGO COUNTY.
“NAYLOR ROCK,” SHOWING PEGMATITE ABOVE, ZONE OF POCKETS
AND BANDED “ LINK-ROCK ” BELOW.

132 GEMS, JEWELERS 1 MATERIALS, ETC,, OF CALIFORNIA.

very large scales; niontmoriUonite and steatite tales; pink, green, and
white spotinmene; and black tourmaline, blit no gems of that stone.
Albite and orthoclase, with some potash feldspars, are the mother of
crystallization. It has been reported that spinel has also been dis¬
covered in this mine; associated with it were deep-colored green beryl
and columbite.

There is no water or timber on the property. This mining claim is
embraced within the boundaries of the Pal a Indian Reservation, but
was located before the reservation was declared. The output of the

ILL, No.35. MOUNT HER!ART. (Taken from south, one mile,)

Cros*(X> shows Naylor- V anderburg mine. Square ( □} shows Catedua mine.

mine since the beginning of work has been about ten pounds of gem-
kunzite, no other minerals having been disposed of. Some pink and
green beryls were noticed, but nothing has been developed in that line.

Other claims and openings on Mount Heriart are enumerated in the
body of this Bulletin, this one being thus far the most important -
The following are among the principal of these openings:—

Heriart Claim, owned by F. M. and M. M. Sickler, A tunnel has
been run a distance of 40 feet. A pegmatite lit Ida-bearing ledge was
encountered, from 14 to 4 feet in width. The ledge occurs in a granite
dike, which in turn traverses the diorite. The granite dike is about 1QO

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

133

feet in thickness, and can be traced for over 2000 feet. The lepidolite
occurs in white and lilac colors, and is often full of radiated tourmalines,
both pink and green. Large amounts of muscovite are often encased
in the lepidolite. Amblygonite is also found. The tourmalines are of
various shades of green, and some blue and pink crystals occur, but as
yet have not been found in large quantities. Crystals of albite and
orthoclase occur in the pockets. About two tons of lepidolite have been
extracted from the tunnel.

San Pedro Claim. —On the San Pedro claim, owned by Pedro Peiletch
and Bernardo Heriart, the Xaylor-Yanderburg ledge has been cut. Some
kunzite, tourmaline, and beryl have been found, besides lepidolite. This
ledge is exposed for nearly a mile in length. At four different points it
has been cut, exposing kunzite and lepidolite.

Caterina Mine, owned by Bernardo Heriart and M. M. Sickler. A cut
has been made 40 feet in length and 30 feet in width, exposing a ledge
of lepidolite 21 feet in thickness. About six tons of lepidolite have
been extracted from this cut. Some kunzite and spodumene were found,
the greater part of which was float. Other gems found were pink beryl
and a few tourmalines.

MESA GRANDE.

The Mesa Grande mines are situated on the bill or mountain of that
name, and are the most southern of the gem-tourmaline localities in
the region. The ridges stretch along northwestward to the Pa la and
Agua Tibia mountains, already described; to the west is another locality
for tourmalines at Vista, and northward are, first, the Oak Grove loca¬
tion. and farther on those near Coahuila.

Several mines have been opened on the Mesa Grande, the Himalaya
Mining Company occupying the west side of the ridge, and the San
Diego Tourmaline Company the east side. The latter is working a
property opened by Mr. Gail Lewis, at the time of the first discoveries
on this mountain; he had but small success with it at first, but perse¬
vered. and reached a fine pocket of gem material just before his option
expired. The mine has been developed more elaborately than any
other, and carried much deeper. Fine gem-tourmalines are taken out
here from a depth of 200 feet—the greatest depth at which those gems
arc obtained anywhere in the world.

Himalaya Mine. —This mine, owned by the Himalaya Mining Com¬
pany. of New York, is situated in the E. 4 of Sec. 17, T. 11 S.. R. 2 E.,
S. B. M.. at an altitude of 3800 feet. The property is about 44 miles
northwest of the Mesa Grande store,and on the watershed between San

134

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

Luis Key River and Mesa Grande Creek. For many years it lias been
known that beautiful colored stones existed on tins ridge, but after
repeated failures and with no determination of quality and value, the
people of the locality gave up the property as worthless* At length an
agent of Mr. Taimenbaum, Heigh way by name, found the locality and
recognized the stones as tourmalines. This led to developments by the
Himalaya Mining Company, and the present output is the result.

During 1904 about six tons of rough tourmaline were shipped to the
company's lapidary in New York; of this amount, 300 or 400 pounds
were line nodules and pencils of the very highest grade.

Surface or bench digging lias been followed exclusively, although a

ILL. No, 30. HIMALAYA TOURMALINE MINE, MESA GRANDE, SAN JUEGO COUNTY.

tunnel is being run to tap the ledges at the 150-foot level. Both
hanging and foot walls are of hard blue diorite, and the ledge is of line
crystallized pegmatite not over IS inches in width, and dipping from
26 to 33 degrees southwest.

In working this ledge, pay material has been in sight continuously,
and at no time has a barren piece of ground been encountered.

The upper pegmatite is usually stained with lithia and manganese,
and large masses of lepidolite are associated with tourmalines. The
pockets are large and tilled with talc and hydrous micas, in which the
gem crystals occur embedded, many showing peculiar etchings. The
ledge has been uncovered for about 700 feet, and to an average depth

GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA.

135

of 15 feet. These open cuts, however, are proving dangerous and
will have to be abandoned as soon as the rainy season has soaked the
walls on either side.

Among the minerals noted were orthoelase, albite, lepidolite, amblyg-
onite, small clear pieces of spodumene, muscovite, tourmaline (black,
green, blue, deep red, and rose), pink and aquamarine beryl, horn¬
blende and epidotic rocks, spessartite and essonite garnet, large and
very transparent quartz crystals, talc and hydrous micas, and a dark
brownish transparent crystal, very dense (specific gravity, 10). and a
hardness of 54, which has not yet been determined. This mineral is
very rare, and only a few pieces have been found.

Wood, water, and all natural advantages are of the best; and a good
dwelling-house, barn, tool-houses, and blacksmith shop, as well as a
windmill with water piped to all, constitute the improvements.

From four to ten men are constantly employed about the mine. The
gross receipts for 1004 are estimated at $30,000.

San Diego Tourmaline Mining Company. The mines are situated
in the E. 4 of Sec. 17, T. 11 S., It. 1 E., S. B. M.,and about 4 miles north¬
west of the Mesa Grande postoffice. Considerable work has been done
on this property since 1901, perhaps more development work than on
any other gem mine in southern California. In the first place, a tunnel
120 feet long was run, tapping the ledge at 64 feet. From this, drifts
were run about 150 feet in either direction, and the ledge matter was
stoped to the surface. Tourmalines in paying quantities were extracted,
and from this output the San Diego Tourmaline Mining Company was
organized. Later a tunnel was run 286 feet in length, tapping the
ledges at from 145 to 170 feet, and drifts on two ledges which were
struck from 20 to 30 feet. The ledge matter is a fine-grained pegmatite,
showing on both top and bottom black tourmalines in fan-shaped
crystallizations. Near the center, at intervals, pockets occur in which
fine gem-tourmalines are found, but not as rich as in the adjoining
claim, which is the property of the Himalaya Mining Company.

This company has employed from three to seven men continuously.
They have a lapidary of their own in San Diego, where most of their
product is cut.

W ood, water, and all facilities are at hand. Giant powder has been
used exclusively, and has not resulted in the breaking or destroying of
any crystals. The ledges are over 18 inches in width, and are generally
of a character which would not be prospected, looking barren and
worthless, but the locality seems to he highly mineralized and many
ledges show gem crystals.

Other mines are being opened in the vicinity, and probably during
1905 there will be a great development in this particular section.

136

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

Esmeralda Mine, Mesa Grande. —The Esmeralda mine, owned
by J. D. Stone and H. E. Dougherty, both of Mesa Grande, Cal., is
situated about 5 miles northwest of the Mesa Grande store, and l-j
miles west of the Himalaya mine, and on the eastern slope of the
Temescal Valley, in the S. E. i of the S. E. i of Sec. 13, T. 11 S., R. 1 E.,
S. B. M. The mine was discovered May 7, 1904, by Mr. Dougherty, and
was acquired by location as a quartz ledge. The altitude is 3470 feet.

The course of the ledge is northeast and southwest; but where the
work is being done a spur running southwest and northeast at right
angles with the main ledge has produced all the gems vet found. The

ILL No. :>,7. ESMERALDA MINE. MESA GRANDE TUNNEL LOOKING EAST.

GEM-TOURMALINE.

ledge dips to the southwest at an angle of 26 degrees and is about 10
feet in width at the point opened. The claim embraces one large ledge
and numerous stringers, showing gem indications. The work at present
performed consists of two open cuts crossing the vein and exposing it to
a depth of 7^ feet: a tunnel 60 feet below the surface workings tapped
the ledge at 28 feet; but no further work has been done in the tunnel,
and no gems were found in the formation at that place.

Both hanging and foot walls are composed of a coarse, crystallized
hornblendic diorite of a rich grass-green color, resembling a serpentine.
The ledge itself is pegmatite, and is faulted in several places by vol¬
canic action. The pegmatite is of the coarse granitic type met with

GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

137

in nearly all the gem mines in the southern belt. The pockets are
quite large, and contain quartz crystals, orthoclase, and albite in beau¬
tiful transparent crystallizations. Lepidolite in pieces weighing from
no to 300 pounds also occurs in conjunction with the pocket material.
Tourmaline is the only perfect gem found, and occurs in pink, bright
red. azure blue, aquamarine blue, and a peculiar shade of green blue,
which cuts to a stone in which one set of facets shows a sapphire blue,
and another set a rich emerald green. Crystals of this character have
not been noticed in any other tourmaline mine in southern California,
although fine blues and greens exist in other places. With the lepido¬
lite is a granular blue and lavender mineral which could not be deter¬
mined, but apparently is a lithia compound.

In examining the ledge, 24 feet of pegmatite were found overlying
the pocket stratum. The pockets themselves were filled with soil and
foreign matter, rendering it impossible to say exactly what the nature
of the softer material that once filled them had been. Some pockets
were hollow, containing nothing but quartz crystals, while near them
were pockets absolutely filled with tourmaline pencils. The lower strata
or line-rock of these ledges is also pegmatitic, although of much finer
crystallization than the top. About 250 feet southwest of the tourmaline
workings, the ledge is badly broken and shows only in places, in the
nature of blowouts of pegmatite and quartz. In some of these blowouts
golden and aquamarine beryl were found frozen in the formation.
Many of these pieces were of excellent gem quality, and the owners
signify their intention of doing considerable development work at these
places. About $300 has been expended, producing about 20 pounds of
tourmaline of gem quality. As in many other cases of prospecting and
mining for gems in southern California, lack of funds has greatly
hindered the proper development and exploiting of this mine.

There is neither timber nor water on the mine, but an abundance of
timber can be secured within half a mile. Also, water can be piped to
the property from springs on the hill above.

The mine next described does not furnish either gem-tourmaline or
kunzite, but is worked as a beryl mine, some line material having been
obtained. It lies about half way between Pala and Mesa Grande, on
Palomar Mountain, which is a spur or foothill of the Smith Mountain
ridge, with which Pain Mountain is closely related, and hence it is
considered here.

The Mack Mine. —Located at Rincon, San Diego County, in Sec. 25,
T. 10 S.. R. 1 W., S. B. M. This mine was discovered in November, 1003,
by Mr. J. M. Mack and an Indian named .J. Calec, near the Rincon
Indian Reservation, at an altitude of 1960 feet (aneroid). The mine is

138

GEMS, JEWELERS * MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

on t lie Pala belt, 94 miles southeast of Pa la; the ledge has a dip of 45
degrees to the southwest, and is exposed on the hanging wall for about
75 feet. Work has been entirely confined to the surface, and but little
gem material has been taken out, although several pounds of peculiar
opaque, deep-blue beryl were extracted. These crystals are different
from any yet found in San Diego County, and should be analyzed.
Mr. Mack contemplates a great deal of development work, however, and
during 1905 it will be possible to determine whether or not this locality
will produce the emerald, as indications are very favorable.

The ledge is essentially pegmatite, with an average width of from

ILL. No. MAOK BERYL MINK, RINCON, SAN DIEGO COUNTY VIEW FROM THE s< >rTU,
SHOWING MEN AT WORK TAKING OUT BERYL AT THE TOP OF THE LEDGE.

5 to 6 feet, with a gray granite foot wall. The hanging wall was hard
to determine, as a great deal of matter from the ledge had fallen down
and covered it at nearly every place, but was apparently a blue and
gray diorite. The pockets are very narrow and are confined exclusively
to a bony crystallization of orthoclase, and most of the beryls found
were frozen into this crystallization. Wherever a pocket was found in
which clays or other soft substances were the matrix, the crystals were
exceptionally fine and could be cut into perfect gems.

So little work has been done that it is hardly of importance to repnrt
this locality if it were not for the peculiarity of the crystals found.

GEMS, JEWELERS’ MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

139

The owners would not give the valuation of their specimens or cut
stones sold, hence the product can not be estimated. There is a small
spring of water on the property, and some sycamore and oak timber.
The exact locality is 1| miles north of the Rincon store, in the first
canon east of said store.

Since the preceding data were collected, fine gem beryls have been
obtained at this mine, which are referred to in the body of this
Bulletin.

South of all these localities, lies a separate group of occurrences of
garnet, with beryl and in some cases topaz, centering around Ramona,

ILL. No. 39. MACK BERYL MINE. RINCON, SAX DIEGO COUNTY PORTION OF
LEDGE. ABOUT EIGHT FEET THICK, SHOWING COARSE PEGMATITE
ABOVE AND LINE-ROCK M BELOW.

and also the garnet country far to the southeastward in the vicinity of
Jacuinba. These suggest a parallel line or belt of garnet and beryl,
southwest of the tourmaline-kunzite line and parallel to it; but it is
not possible yet to say how far this idea may be correct. The facts, as
thus far known, are as follows: The garnets belong to the variety
essonite, mainly, although many of them are called spessartite (man¬
ganese garnet); but the writer is not satisfied that this latter species
really occurs. Both varieties are often called hyacinth by jewelers, and
may present, as at many of these points, rich orange and fulvous
shades between red and yellow.

140

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

RAMONA DISTRICT*

ABC Mine. —The A B C mine, owned by Mr. Henry Daggett, of San
Diego, and Mr. Alex. McIntosh, of Ramona, was discovered November 1,
1903, and is situated in the S. W. \ of the N. W. \ of Sec. 8, T. 13 S.,
R. 1 E., S. B. M., and at an altitude of 1950 feet. The property was
acquired by location by the above-named parties on government land.
It is about 4 miles northeast of Ramona, San Diego County, which is
the nearest base of supplies. The vein has an average width of 7 feet,

ILL. No. 40. RAMONA DISTRICT, SAX DIEGO COUNTY-GEXKRAL VIEW OF LEDGES,
LOOKING NORTH. TOPAZ. GARNET, BERYL, AND TOURMALINE.

and runs north 35 degrees west, with a dip of 12 degrees to the south¬
west. The claim embraces two ledges, very promising in character.

Three places have been opened on the ledge at the eastern extremity
of the claim, and at intervals of about 50 feet. The first two are in the
nature of open cuts, in which the ordinary scalping process was
employed, and gems taken from broken ledge matter and soil. The
principal working, however, consists of a tunnel 18 feet long, from
which a stope following the pay shoot for 45 feet has been run. The
work is very crude, and no system seems to have been employed in the
mining.

Both foot and hanging walls are of a gray decomposed diorite, in

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

141

which the feldspar has been much altered, and some quartz and biotite
were found. The ledge is essentially 3 feet of coarse, poorly crystallized
pegmatite, stained in some places with iron and manganese. Many
black tourmaline crystals with terminals pointing directly toward the
pockets were observed, somewhat altered to quartz and muscovite*
Below the pegmatite is a stratum varying in width from 1 to 6 inches,
composed of a grayish or whitish decomposed orthoclase, with dissem¬
inated crystals of muscovite having a pinkish and lavender tinge on the
outer edges. It is in this stratum, coated with albite and clay, that the

ILL. No. II. A B C MINE, RAMONA, SAN DIF.GO COUNTY-LOOKING NORTHEAST.

PINK BERYL.

pink beryls are found, generally solitary in a pocket, with two or three
large blackish-green tourmaline crystals. Quartz crystals were observed
both on the top and bottom of this stratum, but not in the pockets with
the beryls. It was also noticed that the pink-tinged muscovite was not
in contact with the beryl crystals. Contrary to what is usual in ledges
of this character, the edges of the pockets do not touch between the
upper and lower strata, but continue through the entire working with¬
out interruption, although widening and narrowing in places. No
other minerals were found existing in the same pocket (or rounded
mass of clay and decomposed spar).

Underlying this beryl-bearing stratum is about IS inches of a soft

142

GEMS, JEWELERS ? MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

albite, angular in crystallization, and with numerous holes penetrating
the mass. In these cavities minute essonite garnets were seen, also
spessartite (?) and hundreds of serrated black tourmalines, penetrat¬
ing in every direction. No gems, however, were found among these.
This stratum of albite lies frozen to the line-rock, or micaless granite,
constituting the base of the ledge. The line-rock is coarse, and shows
less interlineations than at any other mine so far observed in this
locality. In places, large portions of graphic granite occur, embedded
in the upper strata of ordinary pegmatite. In this graphic granite
small cavities were noticed, containing steatite and montmorillonite,
with lithia mica occurring at intervals. Very minute whitish crystals
were found in these talcs, which appeared to be topaz, although too
small for identification. In some places, also, where quartz crystals
were found, disseminated crystals of pink muscovite occur, embedded
and penetrating.

The minerals noted .were pink beryl; green, dark green, and black
tourmaline crystals; essonite and the so-called spessartite, sparingly,
lepidolite, muscovite, and biotite micas, albite and orthoclase feldspars,
montmorillonite, steatite, kaolin, and stains of manganese and iron.

Giant powder was used exclusively. Altogether about $500 lias been
expended, producing several pounds of pink beryl, the exact amount
not being available at present. Some of these stones have been cut by
local lapidaries, and show a rose-petal pink. They possess consider¬
able brilliancy, and are remarkably free from hairs, flaws, or bubbles.
One cut stone, weighing 30 carats, and without a flaw, was obtained
from this mine.

Little Three Mine. —This mine is owned by Mr. Dan McIntosh, of
Ramona, Mr. IT. W. Robb, of Escondido, and Mr. Chas. F. Schnack.
This prospect was discovered in May, 1903, by Mr. Robb, who had secured
a permit to prospect on land owned by Messrs. McIntosh and Ferguson.
It is situated in the X. E. { of S. E. 4 of Sec. 8, T. 13 S., R. 2 E., S. B. M.,
and is about 44 miles northeast of Ramona, which is the nearest source
of supplies.

The vein runs northeast and southwest, at an angle of north 35
degrees west, and dips to the south at an angle of 20 degrees. The
average width of the vein is 44 feet; the altitude is 1940 feet. The work
so far consists of open cuts; the vein being naturally exposed for about
60 feet on the hanging wall, it has been possible to commence work
where the vein enters the ground, and break open the ledge of the
pegmatite to where the pockets occur in the center. About 60 square
yards of the vein have been uncovered in this manner, showing some
very interesting conditions of formation. . At the southeast extremity
of the workings, “spessartite” garnet was encountered, associated with

ILL. No. 42. LITTLE THREE MINE, RAMONA, SAN DIEGO COUNTY -SORTING TOPAZ,
B E R Y L. A N D ESS ON IT E GAR N ET.

ILL. No. l:‘.. LITTLE THREE MINE, RAMONA, SAN DIEGO COUNTY-LOWER WORKINGS
AT EAST END. TOPAZ BERYL, AND ESSONITE GARNET.

144

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

small green beryls in pockets of decomposed albite, orthoelase, and
muscovite mica. In this portion of the ledge no tourmalines of any
color, nor any topaz, were found in the pockets; but black tourmalines
occurred very thickly interspersed in the upper or pegmatite portion of
the ledge at this place. Also, the “line-rock,” or micaless granite,
forming the base of the ledge has parallel, wave-like bands of minute
black tourmaline. The associated minerals at this part were only beryl
and quartz crystals, and the beryl very sparing. A concentric band of
hematite and ferruginous quartz seems to separate this particular pocket
from the other pocket material found in the ledge.

From this pocket, working northwest, a gradual change was encoun¬
tered and a barren condition for about 10 feet. Then coarse, bone-like
concretions of albite were first discovered, with large and perfect quartz
crystals. The interior of the pockets lying with these minerals has
either been decomposed completely and washed away, or else the pockets
were hollow, without any matter filling them, as they are at present
filled with the soil, which seems to be the same as that found on the
hillside above the ledge. In this loose soil, and “frozen” to the albite
and orthoclase, are numerous wedge-shaped crystals of topaz, some of
which weigh over a pound; they are white, sea-green, sky-blue, and light
yellow in color. Attached to the roof and floor of these cavities, and
with a long root extending up into the quartz and pegmatite, are gigantic
tourmaline crystals, deep green, mostly opaque, some of them 5 inches
in diameter, and weighing as high as 15 pounds. Some small pencil
tourmalines of a deep-green color and gem quality are found loose in
the pockets, also a number of small topaz crystals that have become
detached from their matrix of albite. Purple and pinkish muscovite in
very large crystallizations and frozen into nuggets are also observed
loose in the pockets, or attached to the albite. In most cases these
crystals of mica are attached to each other at right angles, leaving
angular holes, in which very perfect topaz crystals have formed.

The output of this work has been approximately 30 pounds of topaz,
50 pounds of all classes of tourmalines, and a small quantity of
“ spessartite” garnet. Beryl pseudomorphs after topaz were also noticed,
badly checked, but of pinkish and light yellow colors. Also quartz
pseudomorphs taking the crystallization of the topaz, and in cubes and
rhombic prisms, are found loose in the pockets of topaz.

The ledge proper is a fine-grained granitic pegmatite, with foot and
hanging walls of gray decomposed diorite. The underlying line-rock in
the topaz locality assumes a banded appearance, very straight in its
interlineations; it is coarser than is generally seen in ledges of this kind,
and is notable for the absence of either garnet or tourmaline in any
quantity, the lines or bands apparently being a stain from manganese.
A little biotite was also seen. This is a very strong ledge, and can be

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OP CALIFORNIA.

145

traced without a break for over 3000 feet, with an average width of 4 feet,
and in some places much wider.

No work has been performed other than that described, but the ledge
shows indications of garnet for its entire length. This mine is a westerly
extension of the Surprise mine, owned by J. E. Farley, James \\\ Booth,
and Mrs. (1. M. Stone. There is quite a quantity of fine oak and sycamore

ILL. No. IL LITTLE THREE MINK, RAMONA, SAN DIEGO COUNTY-WALL
ROCK, SHOWING LINES OF SMALL BLACK TOURMALINE.

timber in close proximity to the mines, and a spring of water sufficient
for domestic uses, but which can probably be developed for all purposes
needed in mining for gems.

Giant powder has been used exclusively, and no bad results have
been reported. Pocket material has been extracted, and the gems taken
out by the screening process only, and quite a quantity of small crystals
of good quality were found in the tailings.

10—mb

146

GEMS, JEWELERS ’ MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

Surprise Mine. —The Surprise mine, adjoining the last, is owned by
J, E« Parley,. J. \Y. Booth, and Mrs. G. M. Stone, all of Ramona, Cal.,
and is situated in the X. W. ] of S. W. \ of Sec. 9. T. 13 S.. it. 2 E..
S. B. M. It was discovered on patented land owned by Mrs. Stone.
November 1, 1903, by Mrs. Booth, who noticed a few “spessartite” gar¬
nets sticking in the pegmatite. The three persons above-named became
working partners to develop the property.

The vein runs nearly due east and west, but with a slight trend to
the northwest and southeast. It dips to the south at an angle of about
20 degrees, and lias an average width of 34 feet. Two places have been
opened on the ledge, at intervals of about 300 feet, each showing an
entirely different condition in the formations. The first is about 250
feet north of Mr. Booth s residence, which is the stage station between
Foster and Julian, San Diego County. At this place the pegmatite is
finely crystallized, about 18 inches in width, and lies under a hanging
wall of micaceous dioritc. The pegmatite contains considerable graphic
granite, with greenish stains, crystallized quartz, clear and white, and
muscovite of a rich grass-green. Beneath this is an average thickness
of a foot and a half of decomposed albite and orthoclase and infiltrated
sand and earth, with some hydrated muscovite, and black tourmalines,
many of which are altered to muscovite and quartz. Disseminated
through this friable mass are “spessartite” garnets, in colors from deep
red to light honey-yellow, affording beautiful gems, some of which have
been cut, weighing from 3 to 6 carats. About five pounds of these were
taken out of a cut running along the ledge about 6 feet in depth and 18
feet long, and an average width of 4 feet. Beneath this is the usual
“line-rock,” or micaless granite, in which no garnets were noticed, hut
banded lines, 2 to 3 inches apart, of minute black tourmalines were seen;
this would indicate that a higher crystallization of the ledge forces the
lower into the wall or outer rock, as garnets are always found to occur
in the lower rock of tourmaline ledges, while the tourmaline is found
as embedded crystals in the lower rock of garnet-bearing ledges, in this
locality. Some quartz crystals, which appear to have been etched
by either fluorides or some other chemical compound, occur broken and
disseminated with the garnets.

The second working lies east of the first, and is more compact, with
gray micaceous diorite as foot and hanging walls. This pegmatite is
very finely crystallized, and is stained with iron and manganese, and
has serrated black tourmalines. In the center of this ledge, lying
between the gray base rock and the upper pegmatite, is 6 or 8 inches of
orthoclase, somewhat altered. In this orthoclase occur small pockets
2 or 3 inches in diameter, filled with fine granular ferruginous quartz.
In this sand, topaz is found, usually coated with a talcose clay. Those
near the surface were mostly white or colorless, while at a depth of 6

147

GEMS, JEWELERS 7 MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

feet the color had changed to sky-blue and aquamarine-blue. About
four pounds of these crystals have been extracted from a cut 20 feet
long and extending 8 feet in depth of the incline of the ledge.

Several very tine pink beryls were also taken out, one 6 inches long,
having three perfect sides, and 11 inches in diameter, being the largest
crystal yet found. About two pounds of pink beryl has been the out¬
put so far. The above amounts of spessartite, topaz, and beryl have
been extracted at an expense of $250. Giant powder is used exclusively.
No work is in progress at present, but further development is contem¬
plated.

This mine is an extension of the Little Three mine, owned by Mr.
Dan McIntosh et al., adjoining it on the northwest. These parties own
several other ledges in the same vicinity, traversing four quarter-sections
of land owned by them, and lying in a line extending east from the
present workings.

Timber and water are available in sufficient quantities for mining
purposes. The stones are extracted in both localities by screening and
washing, and the owners seem to be thorough in their work.

The occurrence of a yellowish, reniform, compact and extremely
heavy substance was noted in some of the topaz pockets. The specific
gravity of this mineral and its peculiar color have attracted the atten¬
tion of several people, but it was impossible, with the means at hand,
to determine what it was. From the edge of the pockets containing
these nuggets, radiated black tourmalines were found, altered to a mica¬
ceous substance of sea and emerald green color, with occasional tinges,
of purple and rose-pink. This alteration seems to be an allied mineral
to the above. Some triplite and magnetic iron occur at the junction of
the foot wall and pegmatite.

The list of minerals noticed in these mines was: white and blue
topaz; pink, green, and white beryl; black, green and brown tourma¬
line: spessartite (so called), biotite, magnetite, orthoelase, albite, quartz
in fine crystallizations, and the two unknown minerals above referred to.

Hercules Mine. —This mine, owned by Messrs. Samuel G. Ingle and
Harry Titus, of San Diego, and Mr. Pray, of Escondido, lies about 41
miles northeast of Ramona, and about three fourths of a mile north¬
west of the stage station between Foster and Julian. The mine was
located in August. 1903, bv the above-named parties.

The work has been confined entirely to open cuts or scalping, and
the gems have been extracted in all cases either from the debris or
from broken pockets in the ledge, which is a coarse pegmatite, decom¬
posed. and with very little perfection, in the albite or orthoelase; but
where black tourmalines penetrate this crystallization, joining on to the
black tourmaline, embedded in cither albite or orthoelase, are essonitu

148

GEMS, JEWELERS 7 MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

garnet and so-called spessartite. The latter is of the finest quality, and
lias produced gems from one to six and eight carats in weight, without
flaw, which are retailing at $*20 a carat.

Both hanging and foot walls are a gray diorite, in which some mica
can be found. The course of the vein is north 60 degrees west, with a
dip of 45 degrees. The location is in the S. E. \ of S. E. £ of Sec. 6,
T. 13 S., R. 2 E., S. B. M.

The method of handling the product has been confined exclusively to
screening, and a good many gems have been thrown over on account of
the peculiar condition of the clays which cover them; but the output

ILL. No. I.’>. HERCULES MIXK, RAMONA, SAN DIEGO COUNTY ESSONITE GARNET

AND BERYL.

so far has been 15 pounds of garnet and a half pound of very dear
green beryl, which is an associated mineral with it. A few green and
blue tourmalines, but not lit for gem purposes, have been found higher
up on the ledge.

There is a spring on this property, which will furnish enough water
for domestic and mining purposes; also sycamore and oak timber in
sufficient quantity for mining.

Lookout Mine. This mine, owned by Messrs. Samuel (1. Ingle and
Harry Titus, of San Diego, and Mr. Pray, of Escondido, was located in
the month of July, 1903. It is situated 4i miles northeast of Ramona,

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

149

and joins the Hercules mine on the northeast. The vein has a dip of
20 degrees to the southwest, and an average width of 44 feet. The
claim runs north 5o degrees west, and is located in the 8. \Y. \ of Sec. 5,
T. 13 8., R. 2 E., 8. B. M.

Work on this claim has been confined entirely to open cuts and
scalping. Garnet, called spessartite, is the only gem found, although
indications of beryl and tourmaline, with two or three peculiar metallic
substances which could not be determined, were noticed. Both walls
are of gray diorite, containing some biotite mica, although a seam of red
clay lies between either wall and the ledge itself. The ledge is composed
partly of feldspar, with very little quartz. In the pockets, albite and
orthoelase are the mother of crystallization, and a very peculiar condition
of the quartz is evident. The crystals seem to have been broken at
some time into splinters, and then welded together, forming a conglom¬
erated mass of quartz with no distinct crystallization. Adhering to
this quartz, and also to the surface of the albite, are perfectly formed
garnet crystals, which, in many cases, have afforded beautiful gems.

Not enough work has been done to make a satisfactory examination.
About three pounds of garnet, and perhaps four ounces of fine beryl,
was the total product of this mine.

Some sycamore and oak timber are available; and water owned by
the same parties on the Hercules mine can be used in connection with
this one.

McFall Mine. —This mine is situated 7^ miles southwest of Ramona,
on the eastern line of the San Vicente grant. It is owned by John
Mi-Fall, who located the property about ten years ago as a zinc mine,
and erroneous reports were given of its value as a zinc property. On
examination, no zinc was found nor any indications of it, but a large
body of essonite garnet and finely crystallized epidote was shown.

A shaft 22 feet in depth still remains in solid garnet, with very little
impurity of quartz. Very few gems were found, however, although
many handsome crystals, more or less transparent, were among those
taken out. There is a certain condition in these crystals which does not
produce good refraction of light, and hence as gems they have no value.
The epidote, however, is the finest yet seen in San Diego County, and
will probably produce gems.

Mr. McFall expects to work the property for abrasive purposes, as
transportation can be secured cheap enough to make this course profit-
aide. Both wood and water are adjacent to the property, but not on it.
No work has been done on the mine for some little time.

The formations are both blue and gray diorite, and the masses of
garnet appear to be pockets rather than ledges.

150

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

Prospect Mine. —This mine, owned by Messrs. H. A. Warnock and
John P. Sutherland, of Ramona, was located on September 15, 1904, by
the above-named parties, and is about 4 miles northwest of Ramona,
crossing the road between Ramona and Mesa Grande, an open cut hav¬
ing been made on the east side of the road in Hatfield Canon.

Spessartite (so called) has been the only product in gems, although
greenish tourmalines have also been found. The ledge is about (> feet
in width, of a poorly crystallized pegmatite, and most of the gems are
found frozen into the ledge, few pockets having been discovered.

The parties are actively at work, and probably will find a better con¬
dition in 15 or 20 feet from the present working. The output has been
very small, and no sales have been made. The prospect is worth men¬
tioning, however, as it is the last mine on the northwest end of the
Ramona belt of crystallization, the belt apparently being barren for 14
miles northward of Mesa Grande.

Messrs. Warnock and Sutherland expect to continue their work until
something definite is known about the property, and a report two or
three months later will be more satisfactory than can be had at present.

There are both wood and water in plenty on the property. It is now
owned by Mr. Warnock.

JACUMBA DISTRICT.

Dos Cabezas Mine. —This mine is 17 miles north and east from
Jacumba Hot Springs by road, although in a direct line only about s
miles; it is situated in Sec. 2, T. 17 S., R. 8 E. Here many fine hya¬
cinth garnets have been taken out from a matrix of carbonate of lime,
which occurs in quantities sufficient to be used as building marble, etc.
There are also indications of phosphate of lime. This locality has been
worked off and on for the last ten years for gem crystals, and several
hundred dollars’ worth have been extracted by different parties, but
nothing definite lias been done, owing to its inaccessibility and the
lack of wood and water. Properties now owned in that vicinity are
those of Mr. James Jasper, the San Diego Desert Marble Company, the
San Diego Gem Company, W. II. Trenchard, T. II. Steinmeyer, and
William Hill. Development is expected during the next year.

Nine and a half miles east of Jacumba, and near Mountain Springs,
on the road leading from San Diego to Imperial, and on unsurveyed
land, is a locality on which three or four prospects have been located
showing excellent essonite and so-called spessartite garnet. These
localities are now controlled by the San Diego Gem Company, 1529
D street, San Diego, who have sunk a shaft and have done considerable
surface work. The gems extracted are of exceptional quality and size.
Several thousand dollars will be expended by the owners during the

ILL. No. Hi. PROSPECT MINK, RAMONA, SAN DIEGO COUNTY GENERAL VIEW.

KSSONITE GARNET.

ILL. No. 17. PROSPECT MINK. RAMONA, SAN DIEGO COUNTY SHOWING LEDGE AND
OPENING. KSSONITE GARNET.

152

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

next year. The water supply is about 44 miles away, and there is no
timber whatever or even wood for ordinary purposes. The country is
very rough and inaccessible, but bids fair to be one of the best producers
of gems yet discovered in California.

Crystal Gem Mine. This is owned by Collier A- Smith, of San
Diego, and is situated about 84 miles northwest from Jacumba. Pink
and green beryls associated with essonite and (so-called) spessartite
garnet have been the only output, but general indications are very
favorable. The ledge is a coarse pegmatite, about 8 feet in width, and
extends for nearly a mile. Quartz crystals, albite, orthoclase, and
indications of lithia are also found in conjunction. This property is
not worked at present, but probably will be during the next year. Ten
pounds of tine essonite garnet and perhaps three or four pounds of beryl
were taken out during 1904. There is a spring of water on the property,
and plenty of timber.

Manganese Deposits. —These are owned by the San Diego Desert
Marble Company, and lie 14 miles northwest of Jacumba Hot Springs.
A ledge averaging 10 feet in width and extending about 5000 feet has
been located by these parties, and shows oxides of manganese associated
with garnet, beryl, and black tourmaline. No development work has
been done, hut upon the advent of a railroad this property may become
valuable, as the manganese is of exceptional quality and can be utilized
in many ways.

Farther to the north and east arc other localities, in the vicinity of
Seventeen Palms, in the Santa Rosa Mountains, on the edge of the
desert, and in the direction of Salton Lake, where Mr. II. C. Gordon
reports tine -and abundant occurrences of garnet. Much of this is the
wild and barren region claimed by the old Indian chief known as
“ Fig-tree John,” elsewhere mentioned.

TURQUOISE SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY.

Turquoise mining is carried on by two principal companies in San
Bernardino County—the Toltec and the Himalaya.

Toltec Gem Mining Company.— The California property of this
company consists of three groups of mines situated in San Bernardino
County on the Great Desert about 100 miles northwest of Needles, and
about 50 miles north from Manvel, which is on a branch of tin 4 Santa
Fe Railroad. The altitude is between 5000 and (>000 feet; and there
being no water at either of the camps, it is necessary to draw it over
the mountains from 1 to 5 miles. These camps are about 6 miles
apart, and are known as East Camp, Middle Camp, and West Cam}),

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

153

in the old Solo Mining District. Death Valley is within 20 miles of
West Camp. These mines are all patented. The qualities of the tur¬
quoise taken from these various camps vary widely, from quite soft to very
hard. The same company also has turquoise mines in Nevada, (10 miles
due east of these. Here stone hammers were met with at a depth of 18 feet.
Scarcely any turquoise was found much below 100 feet from the surface,
and a 200-foot shaft failed to reveal any at all. This fact, which is
also reported from the mines of the Himalaya Company, is a curious one,
indicating that the turquoise must be in someway a product of rather
superficial alteration. The mines of both these companies have been
quite large producers. The Toltec Company obtained one gem-stone,
of rather a pale blue, that cut into a perfect oval measuring 32 by
45 millimeters, and weighing 203 carats.

Himalaya Mining* Company. —This company also has been operating
turquoise mines in San Bernardino County. They are owned by Mr. L.
Tannenbaum, of New York, and are likewise situated in the Solo Mining
District, but 60 miles due west of Manvel, where a team must be secured
to visit the mine, as no other means of communication exists. There
are five claims in this group, all of them on the same ledge, which con¬
sists of bird's-eye porphyry with some granite, with a north and south
strike and a dip of 75 degrees west. The pockets of turquoise, which is
practically the only gem found, lie in this porphyry surrounded by a
friable mass of so-called silicate of lime. Two shafts 80 feet in depth
have been sunk on the property, but 40 feet was the lowest level at
which gem-turquoise was found. From this level the mine has been prac¬
tically stoped to the surface. There is no timber at the mine, but some
small pine can be secured 10 miles north. Water was found by sinking a
well 85 feet; it can be used for drinking purposes, but is of very inferior
quality. Work was done by the screening and washing method, and
entirely by hand, there being no machinery of any kind on the prop¬
erty. Other improvements are bunk-houses, etc. The mine was closed
down on the first day of March, 1903, and no work of any account has
been done since that date. For the two months during which the mine
was worked in that year, six men were employed, at an average wage of
$2.50 per day. The expense of mining was very high—about $20 per
foot. Giant powder was used exclusively, and it required about 10^
pounds to the foot.

The shipments that year (January and February, 1903), as given by
the Wells-Fargo agent, amounted to 431 pounds of matrix and ordinary
turquoise, and 49 pounds of picked material.

154

GEMS, JEWELERS* MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA

CHRYSOPRASE—TULARE COUNTY.

Chrysopra.se was discovered in Tulare County in 1878, by Mr. George
W. Smith, a surveyor of Visalia. He presented specimens to Mr. M.
Braverman of Visalia, who identified them as chrysoprase. Later, the
State Mining Bureau confirmed this determination. The first specimen
was the finest ever found in the county; it was sent to the Paris Expo¬
sition of 1889, but failed to reach its destination, being stolen en route.
It was about 34 inches long and 14 inches thick. The first discovery,
and thus far the best outcroppings which have been developed, are
located on the McGinnis property, in the X. E. j of Sec. 8, T. 18 S.,
R. 28 E., Mount Diablo meridian. This location is about 10 miles north¬
east of Visalia, on Venice Hill. These outcroppings extend along the
southeastern slope of this hill and through Section 8 and the S. W. i of
Section 4. Here it occurs in small irregular veins, which range from
mere seams to veins 2 and 3 inches in thickness, in a somewhat altered
red jasper rock.

When visited by the Field Assistant of the Mining Bureau (February.
1905) the larger veins had been deprived of all the chrysoprase suitable
for specimens, but the excavations show that the chalcedony veins
persist, indicating the structure of the former deposits, and also the
gradation from the darker green chrysoprase of the outcrops through
a lighter green (prase-opal) until at a depth of about 20 feet a pure-
white milky quartz or chalcedony is encountered, which is free from all
nickel oxide coloring.

As to the size and quality of the gems taken out, we find in the
seventeenth annual report of the U. S. Geological Survey* the following
note: 11 It is much flawed and good pieces for cutting are scarce, but tin-
color is excellent, and some handsome articles of small size have been
made from it.” Since then many fine stones have been found.

The chrysoprase outcroppings have been traced at different places all
along the foothills of the Sierra Nevada across Tulare County, and the
following locations have been noted bv different authorities: Venice
Hill, Stokes Mountain, Tule River, Deer Creek, and one mile east of
Lindsay. All of these have been announced in the annual reports of
the writer on the production of precious stones in the United States, for
1895 to 1898 inclusive. Of these, the Himalaya Mining Company owns
three claims at the chief locality at Venice Hill, a short distance
northeast of Visalia; also two at Lindsay, a little northeast and south¬
east of the town, respectively; and one on Deer Creek, in Sec. 20, T. 22 S.,
R. 28 E. One or two other large claims at Venice Hill, another some
distance east of Visalia, in the X. W. 1 of Sec. 28, T. 18 S., R. 27 E., and

•* Min. Res. U. 8., Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1895, p. up.

GEMS, JEWELERS' MATERIALS, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA.

155

one or two in the Stokes Mountain region, Secs. 9 and 10, T. 1<> S..
K. 2(> E., Mount Diablo base and meridian, belong to other parties.

For a time a very active interest was taken in mining chrvsoprase,
but of late years there lias been less demand than formerly, because this
stone is not now the fad in jewelry that it was at first.

No ruling price or valuation can be set on the rough stone, as the
character of a specimen can not be told with any degree of certainty
until the piece is cut. The cut stones brought prices from $2 to $3 per
carat. Most of the Tulare County output was cut in New York, but
some few stones were cut in San Francisco and Denver.

CALIFORNITE (MASSIVE VESUVIANITE)-SISKIYOU

COUNTY*

The exact location of the deposit of californite, as the writer has pro¬
posed to call the compact, jade-like variety of vesuvianite, or idocrase,
described in full on page 93 of this Bulletin, is given as follows by
Mr. Edwin L. Hoyt ofYreka, in a recent communication:

“The californite deposit in Siskiyou County is 10 miles north of Happy
Camp, which is the nearest postoftice to the property; also 10 miles
north of Klamath River. The Happy Camp placer mining district
parallels the river in this section. The nearest railroad station is that
at Yreka, 90 miles distant by wagon road. I am unable to give dip of
vein, etc., but believe it is more of a deposit or kidney or large lens, as
there are no indications of a fissure.”

ILL. No. is. FKRUY BUILDING, SAN FRANCISCO, ONE HALF THE UPPER FLOOR OF WHICH IS OCCUPIED BY THE STATE MINING BUREAU.

CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU

This institution aims to be the chief source of reliable information
about the mineral resources and mining industries of California.

It is encouraged in its work by the fact that its publications have
been in such demand that large editions are soon exhausted. In fact,
copies of them now command high prices in the market.

The publications, as soon as issued, find their way to the scientific,
public, and private libraries of all countries.

STATE MINERALOGIST.

The California State Mining Bureau is under the supervision of
lion. Lewis E. Aubury, State Mineralogist.

It is supported by legislative appropriations, and in some degree
performs work similar to that of the geological surveys of other States;
but its purposes and functions are mainly practical, the scientific work
being clearly subordinate to the economic phases of the mineral field,
as shown by the organic law governing the Bureau, which is as follows:

Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of said State Mineralogist to make, facilitate, and
encourage special studies of the mineral resources and mineral industries of the
State. It shall be his duty: To collect statistics concerning the occurrence of the
economically important minerals and the methods pursued in making their valu¬
able constituents available for commercial use; to make a collection of typical
geological and mineralogical specimens, especially those of economic or commercial
importance, such collection constituting the Museum of the State Mining Bureau;
to provide a library of books, reports, drawings, bearing upon the mineral industries,
the sciences of mineralogy and geology and the arts of mining and metallurgy, such
library constituting the Library of the State Mining Bureau; to make a collection
of models, drawings, and descriptions of the mechanical appliances used in raining
and metallurgical processes; to preserve and so maintain such collections and library
as to make them available for reference and examination, and open to public inspec¬
tion iit reasonable hours; to maintain, in effect, a bureau of information concern¬
ing the mineral industries of this State, to consist of such collections and library,
and to arrange, classify, catalogue, and index the data therein contained, in a
manner to make the information available to those desiring it, and to provide a
custodian specially qualified to promote this purpose; to make a biennial report to
the Board of Trustees of the Alining Bureau, setting forth the important results
of his work, and to issue from time to time such bulletins as be may deem
advisable concerning the statistics and technology of the mineral industries of this
State.

THE BULLETINS.

The field covered by the books issued under this title is shown in
the list of publications. Each bulletin deals with only one phase of
mining. Many of them are elaborately illustrated with engravings
and maps. Only a nominal price is asked, in order that those who
need them most may obtain a copy.

160

CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU.

THE REGISTERS OF MINES*

The Registers of Mines form practically both a State and a County
directory of the mines of California, each county being represented in
a separate pamphlet. Those who wish to learn the essential facts about
any particular mine are referred to them. The facts and figures are
given in tabular form, and are accompanied by a topographical map of
the county on a large scale, showing location of each mineral deposit,
towns, railroads, roads, power lines, ditches, etc.

HOME OF THE BUREAU*

The Mining Bureau occupies the north half of the third floor of
the Ferry Building, in San Francisco. All visitors and residents are
invited to inspect the Museum, Library, and other rooms of the Bureau
and gain a personal knowledge of its operations.

THE MUSEUM*

The Museum now contains over 16,000 specimens, carefully labeled
and attractively arranged in showcases in a great, well-lighted hall,
where they can be easily studied. The collection of ores from Cali¬
fornia mines is of course very extensive, and is supplemented by many
cases of characteristic ores from the principal mining districts of the
world. The educational value of the exhibit is constantly increased
by substituting the best specimens obtainable for those of less value.

These mineral collections are not only interesting, beautiful, and in
every way attractive to the sightseers of all classes, but are also educa¬
tional. They show to manufacturers, miners, capitalists, and others
the character and quality of the economic minerals of the State, and
where they are found. Plans have been formulated to extend the
usefulness of the exhibit by special collections, such as one showing the
chemical composition of minerals; another showing the mineralogical
composition of the sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks of the
State; the petroleum-bearing formations, ore bodies, and their country
rocks, etc.

Besides the mineral specimens, there are many models, maps, photo¬
graphs, and diagrams illustrating the modern practice of mining,
milling, and concentrating, and the technology of the mineral indus¬
tries. An educational series of specimens for high schools has been
inaugurated, and new plans are being formulated that will make the
Museum even more useful in the future than in the past. Its popu¬
larity is shown by the fact that over 100,000 visitors registered last
year, while many failed to leave any record of their visit.

1 1 — MB

0<;i

ILL. No. U*. MINKRAL MISKIM. CALIFORNIA STATK MININC IU1II KAIL

162

CALIFORNIA STATE MIKJNG BUREAU.

THE LIBRARY.

This is the mining reference library of the State, constantly con¬
sulted by mining men, and contains between 4000 and 5000 volumes
of selected works, in addition to the numerous publications of the
Bureau itself. On its shelves will be found reports on geology, min¬
eralogy, mining, etc., published by states, governments, and indi¬
viduals; the reports of scientific societies at home and abroad:
encyclopaedias, scientific papers, and magazines; mining publications:
and the current literature of mining ever needed in a reference library.

Manufacturers 7 catalogues of mining and milling machinery by
California firms are kept on file. The Registers of Mines form an
up-to-date directory for investor and manufacturer.

The librarian's desk is the general bureau of information, where
visitors from all parts of the world are ever seeking information about
all parts of California.

READING-ROOM.

This is a part of the Library Department and is supplied with over
one hundred current publications. Visitors will find here various
California papers and leading mining journals from all over the world.

The Library and Reading-Room are open to the public from 9 a. m.
to 5 p. M. daily, except Sundays and holidays.

THE LABORATORY.

This department identifies for the prospector the minerals he finds,
and tells him the nature of the wall rocks or dikes lie may encounter
in his workings; but this department does not do assaying nor compete
with private assayers. The presence <>f minerals is determined, but
not the percentage present. No charges for this service are made to
any resident of the State. Many of the inquiries made of this depart¬
ment have brought capital to the development of new districts. Many
technical questions have been asked and answered as to the best
chemical and mechanical processes of handling ores and raw material.
The laboratory is well equipped.

THE DRAUGHTING-ROOM,—v

In this room are prepared scores of maps, from the small ones filling
only a part of a page, to the largest County and State maps; and the
numerous illustrations, other than photographs, that are constantly
being required for the Bulletins and Registers of Mines. In this room,
also, will be found a very complete collection of maps of all kinds
relating to the industries of the State, and one of the important duties
of the department is to make such additions and corrections as will
keep the maps up to date. The seeker after information inquires here
if he wishes to know about the geology or topography of any district;
about the locations of the new camps, or positions of old or abandoned

ILL. No. 50. L11UUKY AND FKKK RKAIHNC ROOM, CALIFORNIA 8TATK|M1N1NG RCRFAU.

164

CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU.

ones; about railroads, stage roads, and trails; or about the working
drawings of anything connected with mining.

MINERAL STATISTICS.

One of the features of this institution is its mineral statistics. Their
annual compilation by the State Mining Bureau began in 1893. No
other State in the Union attempts so elaborate a record, expends so
much labor and money on its compilation, or secures so accurate a one.

The State Mining Bureau keeps a careful, up-to-date, and reliable
but confidential register of every producing mine, mine-owner, and
mineral industry in the State. From them are secured, under pledge
of secrecy, reports of output, etc., and all other available sources of
information are used in checking, verifying, and supplementing the
information so gained. This information is published in an annual
tabulated, statistical, single-sheet bulletin, showing the mineral pro¬
duction by both substances and counties.

TOTAL GOLD PRODUCT OF CALIFORNIA—1848-1903.

1848....

.. $245,301

1849.-..

10,151,360

1850..--

. 41,273,106

1851....

. 75,938,232

1852....

81.294.700

1853-.

67,613.487

1854_

.. 69,433.931

1855....

.. 55,485,395

1856..-

.. 57,-509.411

1857-

43,628,172

18.38....

.. 46,591,140

1859....

.. 45.846,599

1860_

.. 44.095,163

186L...

.. 41.884.995

1862_

.. 38,854,668

1863. ... $23,501,736
1804_ 24,071,423

1865 . 17,930,858

1866 _ 17,123,867

1867 . 18,265,452

1868 . 17,555,867

1869 . 18.229,044

1870 . 17,458,133

1871 . 17,477,885

1872 . 15,482,194

1873 _ 15.019,210

1874 _ 17.264,836

1875 . 10,876,009

1876. . 15,610,723

1877_ 16.501.268

1878 _$18,839,141

1879 _ 19,026,654

1880 . 20,030,761

1881 . 19,223,155

1882.... 17,146,416

1883 . 24,316,873

1884 . 13,600,000

1885 . 12,661,044

1886 _ 14,716,506

1887 . 13,588,614

1888 . 12,750,000

1889 _ 11,212,913

18<H). 12,309,793

1891 _ 12,728,869

1892 . 12,571,900

1893 . $12,422,811

1894 _ 13,923.281

1895 . 15.334.317

1896 . 17,181,562

1897 . 15,871,401

1898 . 15,906.478

1899 . 15,336,031

1!XX>.. 15.863,355

1901._ 16,989.044

l‘)02. 16,910,320

1903. 16.471.264

Total ..$1,395,746,672

COUNTY RANK IN GOLD PRODUCT IN 1903.

While gold is still the leading mining product, its yield no longer
puts the greatest gold-producing county in the first place. The petro¬
leum of Kern County and the copper of Shasta give them precedence.
Gold is more widely distributed than any other substance thus far
mined in California; 34 counties out of the 57 in the State showing a
gold yield in 1903, and it is known to exist in several others. The order
in rank of the counties of the State, in the production of gold alone,
is at present as follows:

1. Nevada. $2,458,047

2. Calaveras- 1,JX>4,125

3. Tuolumne. 1,732,572

4. ...... 1,609,744

5. Butte.. 1,571,507

6 Kern . 1,022,353

7. Shasta. 771,242

8. Siskiyou_ 613,576

9. Trinity. 607.728

10. Placer. 570.571

11. Mariposa. 542,355

12. San Diego. 461,516

13. Plumas. ... $424,112

14. S. Bernardino 381,197

15. Sacramento 335,646

loUMono. 334,713

17. Sierra. 310,770

18. El Dorado.,.. 277,304

I:*. Yuba_ 125,830

20. Madera. 93,070

21. Lassen. 91,102

22. lnvo .. 66.045

23. Stanislaus .... 52.869

24. Humboldt ... 38,509

25. Fresno. $21,538

26. Riverside. 13.453

27. Tulare. 9.215

28. Monterey. 8,920

29. Los A ngeles ... 8.674

30. Del Norte ... . 7.1 s3

31. Alpine. . 2,701

32. San Luis Obispo 1.840

33. Ventura_ 1.087

34. Orange. 150

Total_$16,471,264

ILL. No. :>1 LABORATORY, CALIFORNIA STATIC MINING BURKAU.

166

CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU.

TOTAL MINERAL PRODUCT OF CALIFORNIA FOR 1903.

The following table shows the yield and value of mineral substances
of California for 1903, as per returns received at the State Mining
Bureau, San Francisco, in answer to inquiries sent to producers:

Asphalt .

Bituminous Rock .

Borax (Crude).

Cement.

Chrome.

Chrysoprase .

Clays: For Pottery
For Brick. .

Coal.

Copper ...

Fuller’s Earth.

Glass Sand.

Gold.

Granite.

Gypsum..

Infusorial Earth...

Lead.

Lime.

Limestone.

Lithia Mica.

Macadam.

Manganese ...

Magnesite..

Marble..

Mica..

Mineral Paint.. ..

Mineral Water_

Natural Gas ... ...

Paving Blocks.

Petroleum .

Platinum..

Pyrites..

Quartz Crystals_

Quicksilver..

Rubble..

Sait..

Sandstone.

Serpentine..

Silver.

Slate.

Soapstone..

Soda....

Tourmaline.

Turquoise .

Quantity.

41,670 tons
21,944 “

34,430 “

. 640,868 bbls.

150 tons

90,972 tons
. 214,403 M

93,026 tons
19,113,861 lbs.

250 tons
7,725 “

408,625 cu. ft.
6,914 tons
2,703 “

. 110,000 lbs.

. 496,587 bbls.

. 125,919 tons

700 “

. 605,185 “

1 “

1,361 "
84,624 cu. ft.

50 tons
2,370 “

. 1,978,340 gals.

. 120,134 M cu. ft.

4,854 M

24,340,839 bbls.

24,311 tons

32,094 Hasks
. 1,610,440 tons
. 102,895 41

. 353,002 cu. ft.

99 “ “

10,000 squares
219 tons
18,000 “

Value.

$503,659

53,106

661,400

968,727

2,250

500

99,907

1,999,546

265,383

2,520,997

4,750

7,525

16.471,264

678,670

46,441

16,015

3,960

418,280

163,988

27,300

436,172

20,515

97,354

3,800

3,720

558,201

75,237

134,642

7,313,271

1,052

94,000

1,968

1,335,954

1,237,419

211,365

585,309

800

517,444

70,000

10,124

27,000

100,000

10,000

$37,759,040

Total value

CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU.

167

RELATIVE RANK OF COUNTIES IN TOTAL MINERAL PRODUCT IN 1903.

Kern ....

$4,957,602

20.

Mariposa_

$552,516

39.

Inyo ..

$139,563

Shasta . ...

3.201,680

21.

Alameda.

530,207

40.

Yuba.

125.871

Los Angeles..

2.549,128

22.

Sacramento ...

506,796

41.

Lassen ..

92.305

Nevada _

. 2,466,044

23.

Madera.

489,525

42.

Stanislaus ....

70,605

Calaveras .

2,270,668

24.

Riverside.

446,449

43.

Contra Costa.

62,500

Tuolumne_

. 1,791,056

25.

Plumas.

424,894

44.

Monterey-

51.436

Amador...

. 1,639,819 I

26.

Colusa ..

420,468 i

45.

Humboldt ....

49.316

Butte ..

. 1,581,325

27.

Solano . _

46.

San Joaquin..

44,489

San Bernardino 1,516,618

28.

Santa Barbara.

384.688

47.

Tulare_

41,175

10.

Orange..

. 1,029,435

29.

San Benito.. .

367,851

48.

Kings __

24.200

11 .

Napa .

896,848

80.

Mono ..

360,024

49.

Mendocino ...

20,580

12.

Fresno ....

848,628

31.

Sierra.

311.246

50.

Del Norte.

7,183

13.

San Francisco.

. 802,786

32.

Lake.

294,018

51.

Tehama.

7,000

14.

Placer..

. 800,985

33.

El Dorado.

284,304

52.

Alpine.

2.847

15.

Ventura..

714.7(>6

34.

S*n Luis Obispo

257,416

53.

Yolo.

144

1(5.

Santa Clara.. .

670,159

35.

Santa Cm/._

254,247

54.

Merced_

780

17.

Siskiyou..

663,598

36.

San Mateo ....

252,500

Unapportioned

377,783

18.

San Diego_

663,315

37.

Marin.

218,427

—

19.

Trinity ... ...

621,244

38.

Sonoma__

195,369

Total_$3

7,759,040

MINING BUREAU PUBLICATIONS.

Publications of this Bureau will be sent on receipt of the requisite
amount and postage. Only stamps, coin or money orders will be
accepted in payment. (All publications not mentioned are exhausted.)

Attention is respectfully called to that portion of Section 8, amend¬
ment to the Mining Bureau Act, approved March 10, 1903, which states:

“The Board (Board of Trustees) is hereby empowered to fix a price
upon, and to dispose of to the public, at such price, any and all pub¬
lications of the Bureau, including reports, bulletins, maps, registers,
etc. The sum derived from such disposition must be accounted for and
used as a revolving printing and publishing fund for other reports,
bulletins, maps, registers, etc. The prices fixed must approximate
the actual cost of printing and issuing the respective reports, bulletins,
maps, registers, etc., without reference to the cost of obtaining and
preparing the information embraced therein / 9

Price. Postage.

Report XI—1892, First Biennial .$1 00 $0 15

Report XIII—185$, Third Biennial.. . ... .. 1 00 20

Bulletin No. 5—'‘Cyanide Process" (4th edition), bound . . 00 os

Bulletin No. 6—"Gold Mill Practices in California" (3d edition).- 5() 04

Bulletin No. 9—"Mine Drainage, Pumps, etc.,” bound . 00 08

Bulletin No. 15—"Map of Oil City Oil Fields, Fresno County, Cal.". 05 02

Bulletin No. 16—"Genesis of Petroleum and Asphaltum in California,"

(3d edition) ... 30 03

Bulletin No. 18—'"Mother Lode Region in California". 35 (Mi

Bulletin No. 23—"Copper Resources of California"... 50 12

Bulletin No. 24—"Saline Deposits of California". 50 10

Bulletin No. 27—"Quicksilver Resources of California"... 75 08

Bulletin No. 30—"Bibliography Relating to the Geology, Palaeontology

and Mineral Resources of California, including List of Maps”. 50 10

Bulletin No. 31—"Chemical Analyses of California Petroleum” .. 02

Bulletin No. 32—"Production and Use of California Petroleum”.. 75 08

Bulletin No. 33—"Mineral Production of California—1903”..- ... 02

168

CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU.

Price Postage

Bulletin No. 34—“Mineral Production of California for 17 Years”. . $0 02

Bulletin No. 35—“Mines and Minerals of California* 1 ... 04

Bulletin No. 30— “Gold Dredging in California’*. ... ... $0 50 0t>

Map of Mother Lode ... .... 05 02

Gold Production in California from 1848 to 1904... . 02

Relief and Mineral Map of California . 25 05

Map of Calaveras County.. . 25 (vs

In Preparation:

Structural and Industrial Materials of California.

Samples of any mineral found in the State may be sent to the
Bureau for identification, and the same will be classified free of charge.
It must be understood, however, that no assays, or quantitative deter¬
minations, will be made. Samples should be in lump form if possible,
and the outside of package should be marked plainly with name of
sender, postoffice address, etc., and a stamp should be inclosed for reply.

INDEX

Pa Re

Page.

Abalone.Ill, 118, 119, 120

A B C Mine. 40, 140, 141

Achroite. ... _.. 54,58

Adamantine Spar. 45

Aeroides.....„. 48

Agalmatolite . 100

Agate . _ __ (>4, 71, 73

Agatized Wood..II, 64. 77. 78

Alabaster. 103

Albite . . . .17, 61,

78, 79, 80. 127, 133, 142, 144, 146

Allanite. 99

Almandite. . 50. 51, 52, 53

Amber_ 110

Amblygonite_ 55, 59, 62. 87. 122, 1X4

Amethiste Basal tine . . . 47, 86

Amethyst.. ..64, 67

Andalusite... 34,98

Andradite... . 50, 51

Anhydrite... 102

Anthracite.. ... .. 104

Apatite_ ... .. .102

Aplirizite . 54

Apophyllite. 97

Aquamarine . . 48,49,137

Aragonite... 110,111,112,114

Architectural Marble_ Ill

Arkansite 106

Asparagus Stone.102

Asteria.... 45

Asteriated Quartz.. 64

Aventurine_ . ..64, 78, 79

Axinite. 13,96

Azurite ....53, 106

Bardiglio... 111. 112

Basanite.. 61

Beryl. ..13, 14.

16, 25, 27. 48, 49, 50, 52, 59, 62, 86, 87, 114.
122,132,138, 140. 141, 142, 147,148,149,152

Bloodstone.. 64

Blue Carbonate of Copper. 106

Brazilian Emerald. 54

Brazilian Sapphire .. 54

Bronzite . 80, 114

Brookite. 106

Brown Coal. 104

12—MB

Cairngorm .. 64

Calcite.35,98, 110, 111

California .. 12, 53, 93, 94, 95, 155

California Onyx. .Ill, 112

Cannel.. 104

Carbonate of Lime... 110

Carbuncle . 51

Carnelian. . 64

Cassiterite ..105

Caterina Mine. .132, 133

Cat's-eye .. 60,64,114

Chalcedony ..... 64, 70, 71, 73

Chiastolite. . 98

Chioromelanite_ 96

Chlorophane. .. _ 102

Chromite..51, 104

Chrysoberyllus. . 34, 48, 114

Chrysocolla.. . .. 101,102

Chrysolithus. . .48, 54

Chrysopal. 12,74,76

Chrysoprase 12, 31, 33, 35, 64, 73, 154, 155

Cinnamon Stone . 50, 52, 53

Cipolin . Ill

Citrine. 64

Coahuila District.25, 53, 58, 69, 121

Coal. 104

Colophonite. 51

Columbia Gem Mine.63, 122, 123

Columbite.50. 62, 87, 132

Coosa District... 52

Corundum. . . _ 35, 45, 114

Crystal Gem Mine..49, 152

Datolite..52, 97

Davidsonite. 48

Deman toid. .. 51

Diamond.. .. 11,28,29,

30, 34 , 35, 36, 37, 38. 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44

Diopside. 80,98

DosCabezas Mine.27,150

Dravite. 54

Dumortierite Quartz...64, 71, 114

Egyptian Marble or Jasper_ .111.112

Emerald. 48

Enstatite.. 80,114

Epidote .. 13, 25, 34, 71.87, 99

(169)

170

INDEX.

Page.

Erythrite. .. 71

Esmeralda Mine.40, 63,136

Essonite ..13, 14,26.

50, 52, 53. 128, 139, 142, 143, 149, 150, 152

False Emerald.102, 106

False Lapis Lazuli. 98

Fano Kunzite—Tourmaline Mining

Co. _49. 58, 59, 63. 66. 121, 122

Feldspar-- 78

Fish-eye Slone. . .. 97

Fire Marble... .-... 111

Fire Opal.... _ 75,76

Flechesd’amour..64, 70

Fluorite.. 102

Garnet. .12, 13, 14, 16, 25,

26, 35, 50, 51, 52, 53, 87, 139, 148, 149, 150

Gem Mines in California..121

Gem Mine No. 1 .-.-.123

Golden Beryl. . 48

Gold Quartz. -..64, 68

Goshenite.. 48

Gothite_ .. ---64, 105

Gdthite Quartz.... 64

Graphic Granite . _ 79

Green Carbonate of Copper . 106

Grenat Siriam. 51

Grossularite. ......50, 51, 52

Guarnaccine . 51

Gypsum... 103

Halloysite. 87

Hebrew Stone... .. 79

Heliotrope.. 64

Hematite..104, 105, 114

Hercules Mine... .49, 53, 147, 148,149

Heriart Mine ... .24, 31. 56, 62, 84, 132. 133

Hiddenite. 82

Himalaya Mining Co. 12, 49, 63,

65, 133, 134, 153, 154

Hornblende Quartz. 04 , 70, 86, 114

Hyacinth . 50,51

Hyacinthozontes.— . 48

Hyalite .31, 75, 76. 86

Hydrolite.. .64, 71, 73

Hydrophane. 75

Hypersthene.. .-.80,114

Ichthyophthalmite .. 97

Idocrase .-. 93

Ilmenite..104, 105

Indicolite.. 54

lolite .. 34

Iron Garnets. 51

Jacinta.. 51

Jaeumba District_26, 49, 53, 95, 150, 151

Jade..71,96

Jadeite.

Jasper.

Jasper Agate....
Jasperized Wood
Jet.

Page.

_ 96

64,69, 71, 75
64, 75

.. 64

. 104

Kunzite. 14, 16, 25, 34, 35, 59,

61, 62, 63, 81,82-93, 100, 121, 122, 126, 129

Labradorite ... . . .80, 114

Lapis Lazuli.. 98

Lazulite. 98

Lazurite .. . 98

Lepidolite.20, 22, 24, 34, 49, 55, 59, 60. 79, 83,
86,TOO, 101,122, 125, 127,133, 134, 137, 142
Lignite i (| i

Limonite_ __- .104,105

Little Three Mine_ 142, 143, 144, 145

Lookout Mine _49, 53, 148, 149

Lumachelle.. Ill

Lydian Stone. . 64

Made.. 98

Mack Mine... 48, 49, 65, 137, 138,139

Madreporic Marble. - . 111,112

Malachite. ...53,69, 106

Mandelato. it

Manganese Deposits.142, 146, 152

Marble. 110, 111

Mare Kanite. 114

Mariposite. 71,97

McFall Mine. 149

Melanite. 51

Menaccanite.. -- 104

Mesa Grande Mine. 59, 133

Mexican Onyx. Ill

Milky Opal. 75

Mocha Stone. 64

Moonstone.-.71, 78, 79

Morion . 64

Moss Agate... 64, 75

Moss Jasper. 75

Moss Opal... 75

Muriacite. 102

Muscovite Mica. 48, 87, 127,

128, 130, 133, 141, 144

Naj>oleonite. H2

Native Ultramarine. . -- 98

Naylor-Vanderburg Mine .129, 130, 131,132

Nephrite... 06

Noble Opal. -- 75

Novaculite 64

Obsidian....-.- l 14

Onegite.... --- 04, 105

Onyx. 1. 64

Onyx Marble.— ..111,112

Oolite. . n2

INDEX.

171

Opal.

Opaline - .-

Opal Agate-

Opalized Wood ..
Orbicular Diorite
Oriental Opyx .
Oriental Ruby
Orthoclase...
Ouvarovite.

Page. |

.12, 75, 76

. 75

_ 75

. 11, 75, 77, 78
14, 15, 112, 113

.Ill

. 45

. 79

50, 51, 52, 53

Pagedite.. 100

Pa la Chief Mine.25, 31, 55, 60,61, 87, 126,127

Pala District__24, 25, 30,

31,55,81,84, 101, 124, 125

Pearl_ _34, 110, 115, 116, 117, 118

Pebbles, Pescadero. 113

Pectolite.88, 95, 96

Peridot of Ceylon ... . 54

Peristerite......—.78, 79

Pisolite ... —_ in

Plasma. 64

Portor ... Ill

Precious Opal .. 75

Prospect Mine.-... 53, 150

Pyro-Emerald_ 102

Pvrope.50, 51, 52, 53

Quartz.-34,61,62, 63. 65,66,67-73, 86, 87, 97

Rainbow Agate. . 64

Ramona District.—25, 26. 49, 53, 63, 140, 141

Rhodolite.. __ 51

Rock Crystal ... _11, 64, 65,

Romanzovite_

Rose Beryl.

Rose Quartz.

Rosolite.

Royal Agate
Rubellite.. .22,

Rubino de Roeca
Ruby

Ruin Marble.

Ruidated Quartz

87, 105, 127, 141, 144, 146
. 4s

--..12,21,64, 67, 68. 69, 86

. 50

23, 54, 55, 79. 100, 101, 125

. 51

. 45

.. Ill

.64, 70

Sagenite.. ...64,70

San Diego Desert Marble Co.150, 151, 152

San Diego Gem Co. . .. 150

San Diego Tourmaline Mining Co. 133,135

San Pedro Claim.. 133

Sapphire Chalcedony. 73

Sapphire... . 45

Sard.. . ... 04

Satin Spar.. 103, 111

Schorlomite—. 51

Selenite.—.. 103

Si be rite. 54

Siderite... 65, 87

Page.

Sienna.. Ill

Silicified Wood. 77

Smoky Quartz... .21, 33, 62, 64, 67, 69, 70, 86

Spanish Topaz. . 64

Spessartite-50,51,139, 142, 144, 146, 148, 150

Spinel... 47, 48, 132

Spodumene_ 13, 14,

48, 62, 81. 82, 83, 84, 86 , 126, 127, 129, 132

Stalactite. 111

Stalagmite. Ill

Star Ruby . .. 45

Star Sapphire. ..... 45

Star Stone. 45

Statuary Marble. . Ill

Stewart Mine. ... 125

Succinite- 50, 52, 110

Surprise Mine..53, 146

Talc. 35

Thetis Hairstone... 64

Thulite _ 99

Titanic Iron.. 104

Toad’s-eye Stone. 105

Toltec Gem Co. 152, 153

Topaz_ 14, 15, 25,

26, 35, 46, 47, 52, 62. 92, 139, 143, 144. 147

Topazolite...31, 50, 53

Touchstone . 64

Tourmaline.13, 14, 16, 21 , 23, 24, 25,

27, 33, 35, 49, 50, 52-63, 69, 70, 79, 86 ,
87, 99, 100, 121, 122, 124,125, 127, 128, 129,
132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 140, 142, 144, 147

Tourmaline Quartz. 64

Tourmaline King Mine... ..03, 129

Tourmaline Queen Mine—-.63, 127, 128, 129

Trautwinite. 51, 52

Tripe Stone. . . . lu 2

Triphane. 82

Turquoise.... 12 , 13, 33 ,

34, 107, 108, 109, 110, 152, 153

Ultramarine. 98

Uralian Emerald. 51

Uvarovite...50, 51, 52, 53

Verde Antique. .Ill, 112

Vermeille ..... 51

Vesuvianite. 12 , 26, 52, 53, 93, 94 . i*i, 155

Vulpinite. 102

VVillemite.. 88

Wiluite .. 50

Wood Opal ... _ 75, 77

Wood Tin.. 105

Woolastonite .. 88

Zircon. 84, 50

Zoisite. yy

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